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Table 1 Characteristics of adult PLHIV on second-line ART at BJGMC-SGH ART center, August 2014–September 2015

From: Virological failure among people living with HIV receiving second-line antiretroviral therapy in Pune, India

Characteristics

Overall (n = 400)

Virological failurea (n = 59)

No virological failure (n = 341)

p

Age

    

 Median, y (IQR)

40 (34–44)

38 (33–42)

40 (35–45)

0.10

  < 40

189 (47.3)

30 (50.8)

159 (46.6)

0.57

  ≥ 40

211 (52.7)

29 (49.2)

182 (53.4)

 

Sex

    

 Male

285 (71.3)

42 (71.2)

243 (71.3)

 > 0.95

 Female

115 (28.7)

17 (27.8)

98 (28.7)

 

Time-updated CD4 count, cells/mm3

    

 Median (IQR)

385 (228–547)

230 (114–354)

406 (251–562)

 < 0.0001

  > 350

223 (55.7)

16 (27.1)

207 (60.7)

 < 0.0001

  200–350

95 (23.8)

21 (35.6)

74 (21.7)

 

  < 200

82 (20.5)

22 (37.3)

60 (17.6)

 

Median time on ART, y (IQR)

    

 Overall

7 (6–9)

7 (5–9)

7 (6–9)

0.30

 First-line ART

4 (3–6)

4 (3–6)

4 (3–6)

0.36

 Second line ART

3 (2–3)

3 (2–3)

3 (2–3)

0.73

  < 3 years

165 (41.2)

25 (42.4)

140 (41.1)

0.89

  ≥ 3 years

235 (58.8)

34 (57.6)

201 (58.9)

 

Marital status

    

 Not married

83 (20.9)

12 (20.3)

71 (21.0)

 > 0.95

 Married

314 (79.1)

47 (79.7)

267 (79)

 

Education level

    

 Illiterate and primary

105 (26.4)

18 (31.6)

87 (25.6)

 

 Secondary

219 (55.2)

30 (52.6)

189 (55.6)

0.62

 College and above

73 (18.4)

9 (15.8)

64 (18.8)

 

Income category, Indian rupeesb

    

  < 5000

225 (61.0)

34 (57.6)

191 (61.6)

0.41

 5000–10,000

120 (32.5)

23 (39.0)

97 (31.)

 

 > 10,000

24 (6.5)

2 (3.4)

22 (7.1)

 

Employed

    

 No

88 (22.4)

14 (23.7)

74 (22.6)

0.87

 Yes

305 (77.6)

45 (76.3)

260 (77.8)

 

Smoking

    

 No

323 (83.9)

53 (89.8)

270 (82.8)

0.25

 Yes

62 (16.1)

6 (10.2)

56 (17.2)

 

Alcohol use

    

 No

311 (80.8)

50 (86.2)

261 (79.8)

0.28

 Yes

74 (19.2)

8 (13.8)

66 (18.2)

 

Past opportunistic infectionc

    

 No

170 (43.2)

26 (44.1)

144 (43.9)

0.88

 Yes

224 (56.8)

33 (55.9)

191 (56.1)

 

Present opportunistic infectiond

    

 No

379 (95.0)

49 (83.1)

330 (97.1)

 < 0.0001

 Yes

20 (5.0)

10 (16.9)

10 (2.9)

 

WHO stage at first-line failure

    

 I

342 (85.5)

46 (78.0)

296 (86.8)

0.24

 II

20 (5.0)

5 (8.5)

15 (4.4)

 

 III

22 (5.5)

5 (8.5)

17 (4.9)

 

 IV

16 (4.0)

3 (5.1)

13 (3.8)

 

Weight at first-line failure, kg

    

 Median (IQR)

51 (45–59)

49 (42–54)

52 (45–60)

0.003

  < 51

193 (48.3)

39 (66.1)

154 (45.2)

0.003

  ≥ 51

207 (51.7)

20 (33.9)

187 (54.8)

 

Adherence > 95%e

    

 No

62(15.5)

17 (28.8)

45 (13.2)

0.005

 Yes

338 (84.5)

42 (71.2)

296 (86.8)

 

Protease inhibitor

    

 Lopinavir/ritonavir

15 (3.7)

1 (2.0)

14 (4.1)

0.70

 Atazanavir/ritonavir

385 (96.3)

58 (98.0)

327 (95.9)

 

ART regimen at first-line failure

    

 AZT/3TC/NVP

209 (52.2)

26 (44.1)

183 (53.7)

0.32

 d4T/3TC/NVP

98 (24.5)

13 (22.03)

85 (24.9)

 

 AZT/3TC/EFV

29 (7.3)

6 (10.1)

23 (6.7)

 

 d4T /3TC/EFV

19 (4.7)

5 (8.5)

14 (4.1)

 

 TDF/3TC/NVP

17 (4.2)

3 (5.1)

14 (4.1)

 

 TDF/3TC/EFV

10 (2.5)

1 (1.7)

9 (2.6)

 

 Unknown

18 (4.6)

5 (8.5)

13 (3.9)

 
  1. Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise indicated
  2. PLHIV people living with HIV, ART antiretroviral therapy, BJGMC-SGH Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals, IQR interquartile range, WHO World Health Organization, AZT Zidovudine, 3TC Lamivudine, NVP Nevirapine, d4T Stavudine, EFV Efavirenz, TDF Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
  3. aDefined as viral load > 1000 copies/mL after at least 6 months on a second-line regimen
  4. b5000–1000 INR =  ~ 64–130 USD (As per May 2022 exchange rate)
  5. cDefined as occurrence of opportunistic infection (including primarily Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Diarrhoea, Herpes Zoster, Candidiasis, Weight loss, Cryptococcal Meningitis, Others) prior to initiation of second line ART
  6. dDefined as occurrence of opportunistic infection after initiation of second line ART
  7. eCalculated as the number of pills consumed divided by the number of pills prescribed multiplied by 100