Characteristics | Overall (n = 400) | Virological failurea (n = 59) | No virological failure (n = 341) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
Median, y (IQR) | 40 (34–44) | 38 (33–42) | 40 (35–45) | 0.10 |
< 40 | 189 (47.3) | 30 (50.8) | 159 (46.6) | 0.57 |
≥ 40 | 211 (52.7) | 29 (49.2) | 182 (53.4) | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 285 (71.3) | 42 (71.2) | 243 (71.3) | > 0.95 |
Female | 115 (28.7) | 17 (27.8) | 98 (28.7) | |
Time-updated CD4 count, cells/mm3 | ||||
Median (IQR) | 385 (228–547) | 230 (114–354) | 406 (251–562) | < 0.0001 |
> 350 | 223 (55.7) | 16 (27.1) | 207 (60.7) | < 0.0001 |
200–350 | 95 (23.8) | 21 (35.6) | 74 (21.7) | |
< 200 | 82 (20.5) | 22 (37.3) | 60 (17.6) | |
Median time on ART, y (IQR) | ||||
Overall | 7 (6–9) | 7 (5–9) | 7 (6–9) | 0.30 |
First-line ART | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–6) | 0.36 |
Second line ART | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 0.73 |
< 3 years | 165 (41.2) | 25 (42.4) | 140 (41.1) | 0.89 |
≥ 3 years | 235 (58.8) | 34 (57.6) | 201 (58.9) | |
Marital status | ||||
Not married | 83 (20.9) | 12 (20.3) | 71 (21.0) | > 0.95 |
Married | 314 (79.1) | 47 (79.7) | 267 (79) | |
Education level | ||||
Illiterate and primary | 105 (26.4) | 18 (31.6) | 87 (25.6) | |
Secondary | 219 (55.2) | 30 (52.6) | 189 (55.6) | 0.62 |
College and above | 73 (18.4) | 9 (15.8) | 64 (18.8) | |
Income category, Indian rupeesb | ||||
< 5000 | 225 (61.0) | 34 (57.6) | 191 (61.6) | 0.41 |
5000–10,000 | 120 (32.5) | 23 (39.0) | 97 (31.) | |
> 10,000 | 24 (6.5) | 2 (3.4) | 22 (7.1) | |
Employed | ||||
No | 88 (22.4) | 14 (23.7) | 74 (22.6) | 0.87 |
Yes | 305 (77.6) | 45 (76.3) | 260 (77.8) | |
Smoking | ||||
No | 323 (83.9) | 53 (89.8) | 270 (82.8) | 0.25 |
Yes | 62 (16.1) | 6 (10.2) | 56 (17.2) | |
Alcohol use | ||||
No | 311 (80.8) | 50 (86.2) | 261 (79.8) | 0.28 |
Yes | 74 (19.2) | 8 (13.8) | 66 (18.2) | |
Past opportunistic infectionc | ||||
No | 170 (43.2) | 26 (44.1) | 144 (43.9) | 0.88 |
Yes | 224 (56.8) | 33 (55.9) | 191 (56.1) | |
Present opportunistic infectiond | ||||
No | 379 (95.0) | 49 (83.1) | 330 (97.1) | < 0.0001 |
Yes | 20 (5.0) | 10 (16.9) | 10 (2.9) | |
WHO stage at first-line failure | ||||
I | 342 (85.5) | 46 (78.0) | 296 (86.8) | 0.24 |
II | 20 (5.0) | 5 (8.5) | 15 (4.4) | |
III | 22 (5.5) | 5 (8.5) | 17 (4.9) | |
IV | 16 (4.0) | 3 (5.1) | 13 (3.8) | |
Weight at first-line failure, kg | ||||
Median (IQR) | 51 (45–59) | 49 (42–54) | 52 (45–60) | 0.003 |
< 51 | 193 (48.3) | 39 (66.1) | 154 (45.2) | 0.003 |
≥ 51 | 207 (51.7) | 20 (33.9) | 187 (54.8) | |
Adherence > 95%e | ||||
No | 62(15.5) | 17 (28.8) | 45 (13.2) | 0.005 |
Yes | 338 (84.5) | 42 (71.2) | 296 (86.8) | |
Protease inhibitor | ||||
Lopinavir/ritonavir | 15 (3.7) | 1 (2.0) | 14 (4.1) | 0.70 |
Atazanavir/ritonavir | 385 (96.3) | 58 (98.0) | 327 (95.9) | |
ART regimen at first-line failure | ||||
AZT/3TC/NVP | 209 (52.2) | 26 (44.1) | 183 (53.7) | 0.32 |
d4T/3TC/NVP | 98 (24.5) | 13 (22.03) | 85 (24.9) | |
AZT/3TC/EFV | 29 (7.3) | 6 (10.1) | 23 (6.7) | |
d4T /3TC/EFV | 19 (4.7) | 5 (8.5) | 14 (4.1) | |
TDF/3TC/NVP | 17 (4.2) | 3 (5.1) | 14 (4.1) | |
TDF/3TC/EFV | 10 (2.5) | 1 (1.7) | 9 (2.6) | |
Unknown | 18 (4.6) | 5 (8.5) | 13 (3.9) |