Table 3 Factors associated with drug use or alcohol use among participants enrolled in China, 2018 (N = 699)

Age (years)

 16–25

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 26–35

1.31 (0.96–1.78)

1.01 (0.71–1.43)

1.51 (1.06–2.15)

1.07 (0.71–1.61)

 36–45

0.58 (0.31–1.11)

0.37 (0.18–0.76)^**

1.30 (0.66–2.58)

0.69 (0.31–1.52)

 > 45

0.52 (0.19–1.42)

0.31 (0.11–0.93)^*

2.44 (0.93–6.41)

1.29 (0.44–3.79)

Legal marital status

 Ever married/engaged

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Never married

0.65 (0.43–0.99)^*

0.51 (0.31–0.85)^**

0.31 (0.19–0.48)^***

0.34 (0.20–0.58)^***

Highest educational attainment

 High school or below

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Some college

0.99 (0.65–1.53)

1.00 (0.64–1.57)

0.68 (0.41–1.13)

0.75 (0.44–1.27)

 Bachelor’s degree and above

1.30 (0.89–1.89)

1.21 (0.81–1.81)

1.13 (0.74–1.72)

1.14 (0.71–1.81)

Annual income

 <$5000

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 $5001–9000

1.24 (0.86–1.81)

1.22 (0.82–1.82)

1.25 (0.81–1.94)

1.09 (0.68–1.75)

 $9001–14,000

1.52 (1.00-2.31)

1.36 (0.86–2.16)

1.15 (0.98–2.55)

1.22 (0.72–2.08)

 >$14,000

1.50 (0.93–2.40)

1.34 (0.79–2.26)

1.56 (0.92–2.65)

1.08 (0.59–1.96)

Sexual orientation

 Other

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Bisexual

1.95 (0.90–4.23)

1.83 (0.83–4.04)

2.89 (1.07–7.80) ^*

2.59 (0.92–7.31))

 Gay

1.70 (0.81–3.56)

1.82 (0.85–3.87)

1.48 (0.57–3.86)

1.62 (0.59–4.44)

Numbers of male sex partners in the past three months

 0

Ref

Ref

-

-

 1

1.02 (0.66–1.57)

0.95 (0.60–1.48)

Ref

Ref

 2 ~ 5

2.33 (1.50–3.62) ^**

2.12 (1.34–3.35) ^**

1.89 (1.34–2.67) ^***

1.77 (1.24–2.54) ^**

 >=6

2.00 (0.79–5.06)

2.37 (0.90–6.27)

2.16 (0.90–5.16)

2.19 (0.87–5.49)

Disclosure of sexual orientation to health providers, family, or friends

 Yes

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 No

1.03 (0.75–1.42)

0.99 (0.71–1.38)

1.49 (1.05–2.13) ^*

1.22 (0.83–1.79)

Sexual role in anal intercourse with men^a

 Insertive

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Receptive

1.19 (0.75–1.89)

1.39 (0.95–2.03)

1.19 (0.74–1.90)

1.03 (0.69–1.52)

 Both

1.30 (0.90–1.87)

1.28 (0.79–2.07)

0.98 (0.67–1.42)

1.22 (0.75-2.00)

Condomless anal intercourse in the past three months^a

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

2.19 (1.57–3.05) ^***

2.08 (1.48–2.93) ^***

2.23 (1.58–3.15) ^***

2.08 (1.45–2.98) ^***

Ever had group sex

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

5.25 (3.50–7.88) ^***

5.22 (3.42–7.95) ^***

2.36 (1.62–3.43) ^***

2.04 (1.37–3.02) ^**

Ever had commercial sex

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

4.11 (2.75–6.15) ^***

4.22 (2.76–6.45) ^***

4.70 (3.15–7.02) ^***

4.43 (2.89–6.81) ^***

Ever had HIV testing

 Yes

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 No

1.23 (0.86–1.75)

1.10 (0.76–1.59)

3.30 (2.20–4.95) ^***

2.75 (1.79–4.22) ^***

Ever had HIV self-testing^c

 Yes

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 No

0.68 (0.46–1.01)

0.69 (0.46–1.03)

0.88 (0.55–1.39)

0.83 (0.51–1.34)

HIV testing result^c

 Negative

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Positive

2.77 (1.45–5.27) ^**

2.53 (1.31–4.90) ^**

2.30 (1.19–4.46) ^*

1.90 (0.95–3.78)

Ever had syphilis testing

 Yes

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 No

0.80 (0.61–1.10)

0.76 (0.56–1.04)

1.45 (1.04–2.03) ^*

1.39 (0.98–1.98)

Ever had syphilis self-testing

 Yes

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 No

0.86 (0.57–1.29)

0.99 (0.65–1.53)

0.80 (0.50–1.28)

0.82 (0.50–1.35)

Syphilis testing results in the most recent testing^d

 Negative

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Positive

2.60 (1.30–5.26) ^**

2.65 (1.27–5.51) ^**

1.68 (0.85–3.30)

1.45 (0.71–2.96)