Table 2 COVID-19 clinical, laboratory and treatment profile of in-patient participants
From: A case control investigation of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis in India
Variables | Mucormycosis cases (n = 242)* | Controls (n = 868) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Symptomatology# | n = 226 | n = 807 |  | |
 Fever | 180 (79.6) | 640 (79.3) | 0.91## | |
 Cough | 131 (57.9) | 535 (66.3) | 0.02## | |
 Breathlessness | 94 (41.6) | 369 (45.7) | 0.27## | |
 Headache | 83 (36.7) | 187 (23.2) | < 0.001## | |
 Generalized weakness | 92 (40.7) | 345 (42.8) | 0.58## | |
 Loss of taste/smell | 48 (21.2) | 128 (15.9) | 0.06## | |
 Gastrointestinal symptoms | 24 (10.6) | 70 (8.7) | 0.37## | |
 Otorhinolaryngological symptoms | 40 (17.7) | 174 (21.6) | 0.21## | |
 Central nervous system symptoms | 20 (8.8) | 28 (3.5) | 0.001## | |
Duration of hospital stay in days, median (IQR) | 9 (6,12) | 7 (4, 10) | < 0.001** | |
Days in#, median (IQR) | Â | Â | Â | |
 Ward | 8 (6, 12) | 7 (4, 10) | < 0.001** | |
 Cabin/private ward | 13.5 (7.5, 18) | 8 (4, 11) | 0.15** | |
 High Dependency Units | 5 (4, 8) | 7 (5, 10) | 0.27** | |
 Intensive Care Unit | 7 (5,11) | 7 (4, 12) | 0.77** | |
Underlying medical conditions | Â | Â | Â | |
 Diabetes mellitus | 212 (87.6) | 156 (17.9) | < 0.001## | |
 Acute kidney disease | 3 (1.2) | 13 (1.5) | 0.77### | |
Laboratory investigations | Hemoglobin level at admission, g/dL, mean ± SD | 12.4 ± 1.5 | 12.3 ± 2.1 | 0.43*** |
Random blood glucose at admission, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 163 (132, 210) | 133 (112,167) | < 0.001** | |
Highest random blood glucose-hospital stay, mg/dL median (IQR) | 269.5 (205,356) | 206 (140,330) | < 0.001** | |
HbA1C during hospital stay, mean ± SD | 7.0 ± 2.8 | 5.9 ± 2.2 | < 0.001*** | |
Highest ferritin level-hospital stay, µg/L, median (IQR) | 112 (95,424) | 121 (96, 443) | 0.56** | |
Highest serum IL-6 level, pg/mL, median (IQR) | 6 (5,20) | 6 (5,6) | 0.45** | |
WHO ordinal scale^ | Hospitalized, no oxygen therapy | 98 (40.5) | 422 (48.6) | Â |
Oxygen by mask or nasal prongs | 122 (50.4) | 322 (37.1) | 0.002## | |
Non-Invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen | 18 (7.4) | 103 (11.9) | Â | |
Intubation and mechanical ventilation | 4 (1.7) | 21 (2.4) | Â | |
Oxygen specifications | Requirement | n = 242 144 (59.5) | n = 868 446 (51.4) | 0.02## |
Mode of oxygen supplementation | n = 144 | n = 443 | < 0.001## | |
 Face mask | 116 (80.6) | 271 (61.2) |  | |
 NRBM | 19 (13.2) | 145 (32.7) |  | |
 HFNC | 9 (6.2) | 27 (6.1) |  | |
Duration of oxygen supplementation in days, median (IQR) | 5 (3.5, 8.5) | 6 (4, 9) | 0.48** | |
Ventilatory support required | n = 144 22 (15.3) | n = 446 124 (27.8) | 0.002## | |
Duration of NIV requirement in days, median (IQR) | 4 (3,10) | 5 (3,7) | 0.68** | |
Duration of MV requirement in days, median (IQR) | 6 (3.5, 9) | 4 (2.5, 8) | 0.46** | |
Steroid specifications | Corticosteroid received | n = 242 141 (58.3) | n = 868 517 (59.6) | 0.72## |
Steroid route | n = 141 | n = 514 |  | |
 Parental | 107 (75.9) | 464 (89.7) |  | |
 Oral | 18 (12.8) | 45 (8.7) | < 0.001## | |
 Both | 16 (11.3) | 5 (1.0) |  | |
Type of steroid received | n = 141 | n = 517 | < 0.001## | |
 Dexamethasone | 50 (35.5) | 323 (62.5) | ||
  Methylprednisolone | 80 (56.7) | 175 (33.9) | ||
 Prednisolone | 9 (6.4) | 11 (2.1) | ||
 Hydrocortisone | 2 (1.4) | 8 (1.5) | 0.57## | |
Whether received steroid at | n = 140 | n = 511 | ||
 Home | 7 (5.0) | 20 (3.9) | ||
 Hospital | 133 (95.0) | 491 (96.1) | ||
Cumulative dose of prednisolone equivalent, median (IQR) | 400 (225, 739.2) | 300 (191.4, 629.3) | 0.07** | |
Duration of steroid administration (in days), median (IQR) | 6 (5, 7) | 6 (5, 8) | 0.67** | |
Other drugs | Tocilizumab | n = 242 None | n = 868 6 (0.7) | 0.19### |
Other immunosuppressants | n = 242 2 (0.8) | n = 868 20 (2.3) | 0.15### | |