Table 3 Culture-based methods used by the different studies, serving as gold standard comparators for the BCID2
Study | Comparator for pathogen ID | Methods used for AST | Comparator for blaCTX-M | Comparator for carbapenemases | Comparator for mcr-1 | Comparator for mecA/C | Comparator for mecA/C & MREJ | Comparator for vanA/B |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berinson et al. [9] | MALDI-TOF MS | VITEK-2 | 3rd gen. cephalosporin resistance at VITEK-2 confirmed by combination disk test; PCRa if cephalosporin-R / BCID2-blaCTX-M negative isolates | Carbapenem resistance confirmed by PCRb | Not specified | Oxacillin resistance confirmed by PCR | Oxacillin resistance confirmed by immunochromatographic assay and GeneXpert SA/MRSA | Glycopeptide resistance confirmed by vanA/B PCR and GeneXpert vanA-vanB |
Graff et al. [10] | MALDI-TOF MS | Phenotypic methods according to CLSI | 3rd gen. cephalosporin resistance | Carbapenem resistance | Phenotypic resistance | Oxacillin resistance | Oxacillin resistance | Glycopeptide resistance |
Holma et al. [11] | MALDI-TOF MS confirmed by 16S rDNA seq if unclear results | Disk and/or MIC-gradient diffusion | Genotypic characterization | Genotypic characterization | Genotypic characterization | Genotypic characterization | Genotypic characterization | Genotypic characterization |
Sparks et al. [12] | MALDI-TOF MS | VITEK-2 and/or disk diffusion, Etest | 3rd gen. cephalosporin resistance + phenotypic confirmation of ESBL and/or PCR | Carbapenem resistance confirmed by PCR for blaIMP | Not specified | Oxacillin resistance confirmed by PCR | Oxacillin resistance confirmed by PCR | Glycopeptide resistance confirmed by PCR |
Cortazzo et al. [13] | MALDI-TOF MS | PCR | PCR | PCR | PCR | PCR | PCR | PCR |
Peri et al. [29] | MALDI-TOF MS | VITEK-2, disk diffusion, E-test | 3rd gen. cephalosporin resistance confirmed by PCR. WGS in discordant cases | Carbapenem resistance | Not specified | Oxacillin resistance confirmed by PCR | Oxacillin resistance confirmed by PCR | Glycopeptide resistance |
Sze et al. [14] | MALDI-TOF MS | BMD | 3rd gen. cephalosporin resistance (disk test and BMD) confirmed by PCR | PCR | Colistin resistance confirmed by PCR | Oxacillin resistance confirmed by PCR | Oxacillin resistance confirmed by PCR | Glycopeptide resistance confirmed by PCR |
Standard manual and automated microbiological/biochemical methods | Manual and automated methods according to CLSI | Genotypic characterization | Genotypic characterization | Phenotypic resistance (BMD) | Genotypic characterization | Genotypic characterization | Genotypic characterization | |
Camelenac [31] | MALDI-TOF MS | Not performed | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Shah et ald [21] | MALDI-TOF MS | VITEK-2 | VITEK-2 | VITEK-2 | VITEK-2 | VITEK-2 | VITEK-2 | VITEK-2 |