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Table 2 Characteristics of patients with severe infections clustered for protein expression

From: Characterization of sepsis inflammatory endotypes using circulatory proteins in patients with severe infection: a prospective cohort study

 

Endotype 1

High inflammation

(n = 49)

Endotype 2

Low inflammation

(n = 117)

p-value

Age (years)

73 (65–78)

53 (34–70)

 < 0.001

Gender (n, %)

 Male

24 (49)

52 (44)

0.612

 Female

25 (51)

65 (56)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

24.6 (20.9–26.8)

24.6 (21.7–27.5)

0.527

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

34 (69)

49 (42)

0.002

 Cardiovascular disease

35 (71)

55 (47)

0.006

 Diabetes mellitus

11 (24)

18 (16)

0.257

 Renal disease

5 (11)

18 (16)

0.618

 Malignancy

8 (17)

8 (7)

0.075

Type of infection (n, %)

 CAP

12 (25)

34 (29)

0.704

 VAP

0 (0)

1 (1)

1.000

 Pyelonephritis

12 (25)

32 (27)

0.847

 Abdominal infection1

26 (53)

41 (35)

0.038

 Primary bacteremia

1 (2)

1 (1)

0.504

 Other

8 (16)

32 (27)

0.165

Clinical parameters

 Temperature (°C)

38.4 (38.2–38.6)

38.4 (38.2–38.5)

0.594

 Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)

109 (87–120)

110 (98–120)

0.382

 Heart rate (bpm)

100 (94–115)

98 (91–107)

0.052

 Respiratory rate (bpm)

20 (17–22)

19 (16–22)

0.595

Laboratory parameters

 Abnormal renal function (n, %)2

31 (66)

26 (23)

< 0.001

 Creatinine (µmol/L)

110 (82–151)

77 (65–98)

< 0.001

 Creatinine clearance (mL/min/1.73 m2)

49.3 (36.6–78.8)

78.7 (62.1–99.1)

< 0.001

 Abnormal liver function (n, %)3

9 (18)

7 (6)

0.020

 AST (U/L)

28 (18–45)

22 (14–31)

0.009

 ALT (U/L)

26 (16–39)

22 (14–31)

0.114

 Leukocytosis (n, %)4

42 (86)

107 (92)

0.273

 Leukocyte count (× 109/L)

15.0 (12.5–20.6)

15.1 (13.1–19.0)

0.731

 Lymphopenia (n, %)5

24 (49)

24 (21)

0.001

 Lymphocytes (× 109/L)

1.1 (0.8–1.6)

1.7 (1.2–2.4)

< 0.001

Inflammatory parameters

 Ferritin (µg/L)

324 (180–396)

199 (126–297)

0.002

 IL-6 (pg/mL)

91 (28–220)

11 (5–29)

< 0.001

 IL-1RA (pg/mL)

4761 (2473–10,297)

880 (562–1292)

< 0.001

 IL-18 (pg/mL)

414 (245–571)

229 (158–309)

< 0.001

 IL-18BP (pg/mL)

14,421 (12,443–18,368)

8500 (6089–10,379)

< 0.001

Severity (n, %)6

 Moderate illness

34 (69)

82 (70)

1.000

 Severe illness

15 (31)

35 (30)

Organ dysfunction (n, %)

 Respiratory failure7

4 (8)

11 (10)

1.000

 Kidney failure8

10 (20)

27 (24)

0.839

 Organ ischemia9

1 (2)

7 (6)

0.439

 Abnormal hemostasis10

2 (4)

2 (2)

0.584

 Shock11

9 (18)

14 (12)

0.326

Length of hospital stay (days)

9 (7–13)

9 (7–12)

0.810

Resolution of severe infection (n, %)

40 (82)

108 (92)

0.056

28-day mortality (n, %)

3 (6)

0 (0)

0.025

  1. Bold values indicate significant p-values < 0.05
  2. Data are presented as median (IQR) or n (%).BMI body mass index, CAP community acquired pneumonia, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, NA not applicable
  3. 1Including Clostridium difficile enterocolitis. 2defined as creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. 3defined as AST or ALT twice the upper limit of the ‘normal’ value. 4defined as leukocytes > 10 × 109/L. 5defined as lymphocytes < 1 × 109/L. 6Moderate illness is defined as sepsis according to the Sepsis-2 criteria, severe illness is defined as severe sepsis or septic shock according to the Sepsis-2 criteria. 7defined as diffuse bilateral consolidations and PaO2/FiO2 < 200 mmHg. 8defined as urine output < 0.5 ml/kg/h. 9defined as pH < 7.30 or base deficit > 5 mEq/l or lactate twice the normal limit. 10defined as platelets < 100 × 109/L or INR > 1.5. 11defined as systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg or MAP < 60 mmHg or the need for fluid resuscitation or vasopressors
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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