Table 3 Hazard Ratios (HRs) for all the variables from the multivariate cox proportional hazards models

steroid use > 3 days versus ≤ 3 days model

HR (95% CI)

Age (n = 1100)

1.04 (1.03–1.05)

Female (n = 476)

0.96 (0.69–1.33)

Ethnicity BAME vs. White (n = 453 vs. 436)

0.99 (0.68–1.45)

Ethnicity Unknown vs. White (n = 211 vs. 436)

0.75 (0.47–1.2)

IMD Quintile (n = 1100)

1.11 (0.94–1.3)

Cardiovascular (n = 286)

1.53 (1.09–2.15)

Hypertension (n = 397)

0.89 (0.62–1.27)

Diabetes (n = 316)

1.19 (0.83–1.69)

Chronic respiratory disease (n = 190)

1.17 (0.79–1.74)

Cancer (n = 57)

1.75 (1.04–2.96)

Kidney disease (n = 135)

0.73 (0.46–1.15)

HIV infection (n = 30)

2.21 (1.03–4.75)

Transplantation (n = 26)

2.01 (0.74–5.5)

Alpha vs. non-Alpha (n = 211 vs. 383)

0.91 (0.54–1.53)

Non Sequenced vs. non-Alpha (n = 506 vs. 383)

1.05 (0.67–1.63)

BMI > 30 vs. BMI ≤ 30 (n = 376 vs. 524)

0.67 (0.43–1.05)

BMI Unknown vs. BMI ≤ 30 (n = 200 vs. 524)

2.35 (1.64–3.38)

Tocilizumab or sarilumab (n = 12)

1.93 (0.59–6.33)

Steroid days* > 3 versus ≤ 3 (reference) (n = 587 vs. 513)

0.47 (0.31–0.72)