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Table 3 COVID-19 Clinical characteristics of the study participants by smoking status (n = 901)

From: Smoking status and SARS-CoV-2 infection severity among Lebanese adults: a cross-sectional study

Variables

All participants (n = 901)

Never smoked (n = 380)

Smoker (n = 521)

p-value

Cigarette smokers (n = 218)

p-value

Waterpipe smokers (n = 275)

p-value

Cigarette and Waterpippe smoking (n = 28)

p-value

     

Mild (n = 19)

Moderate (n = 101)

Heavy (n = 93)

 

Mild (n = 58)

Moderate (n = 196)

Heavy (n = 21)

   

Infection severity * n (%)

              

 Asymptomatic infection

133 (14.8)

63 (47.4)

70 (52.6)

 

1 (3.1)

17 (53.1)

14 (43.8)

 

6 (10.3)

28 (14.3)

1 (4.8)

 

2 (7.1)

0.17

 Mild

630 (69.9)

256 (40.6)

374 (59.4)

0.31

16 (10.8)

70 (47.3)

62 (41.9)

 0.55

42 (72.4)

141 (71.9)

16 (76.2)

 0.68

24 (85.8)

 Severe

138 (15.3)

61 (44.2)

77 (55.8)

 

2 (6.1)

14 (42.4)

17 (51.5)

 

10 (17.2)

27 (13.8)

4 (19.0)

 

2 (7.1)

Self-reported symptoms n (%)

              

 Headache

535 (59.4)

215 (40.2)

320 (59.8)

0.15

12 (9.4)

65 (50.8)

51 (39.8)

0.37

42 (72.4)

116 (59.2)

10 (47.6)

0.08

20 (71.4)

0.24

 Muscle or bone pain

482 (53.5)

205 (42.4)

278 (57.6)

0.89

10 (9.3)

49 (45.8)

48 (44.9)

0.89

36 (62.1)

100 (51.0)

14 (66.7)

0.17

18 (64.3)

0.33

 Fever

423 (46.9)

188 (44.4)

235 (55.6)

0.20

10 (11.6)

40 (46.5)

36 (41.9)

0.53

29 (50.0)

89 (45.4)

11 (52.4)

0.75

16 (57.1)

0.33

 Cough

398 (44.2)

182 (45.7)

216 (54.3)

0.05

4 (5.0)

33 (41.3)

43 (53.8)

0.04

27 (46.6)

81 (41.3)

12 (57.1)

0.35

14 (50.0)

0.56

 Dyspnea

290 (32.2)

123 (42.4)

167 (57.6)

0.94

8 (11.1)

28 (38.9)

36 (50.0)

0.21

15 (25.9)

60 (30.6)

8 (38.1)

0.58

11 (39.3)

0.53

 Gastrointestinal distrubances

169 (18.8)

78 (46.2)

91 (53.8)

0.26

6 (16.7)

14 (38.9)

16 (44.4)

0.15

11 (19.0)

36 (18.4)

4 (19.0)

1.00

3 (10.7)

0.33

 Olfactory and taste disorders

133 (14.8)

44 (33.1)

89 (66.9)

0.02

1 (3.6)

16 (57.1)

11 (39.3)

0.39

13 (22.4)

36 (18.4)

4 (19.0)

0.76

8 (28.6)

0.06

 Fatigue

96 (10.7)

52 (54.2)

44 (45.8)

0.01

2 (13.3)

7 (46.7)

6 (40.0)

0.84

6 (10.3)

18 (9.2)

4 (19.0)

0.39

1 (3.6)

0.34

 Sore throat or rhinorrhea

32 (3.6)

17 (53.1)

15 (46.9)

0.20

1 (16.7)

3 (50.0)

2 (33.3)

1.00

2 (3.4)

7 (3.6)

0 (0.0)

0.77

0 (0.0)

0.61

 Pneumonia

21 (2.3)

8 (38.1)

13 (61.9)

0.82

0 (0.0)

2 (66.7)

1 (33.3)

1.00

2 (3.4)

5 (2.6)

1 (4.8)

1.00

1 (3.6)

1.00

 Conjuctivitis

8 (0.9)

6 (75.0)

2 (25.0)

0.07

1 (100)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0.08

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

–

1 (3.6)

0.22

 Heart palpitations

4 (0.4)

2 (50.0)

2 (50.0)

1.00

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

–

0 (0.0)

1 (0.5)

1 (4.8)

0.19

0 (0.0)

1.00

 Shortness of breath

3 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

3 (100.0)

0.26

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

0.52

0 (0.0)

2 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

1.00

0 (0.0)

1.00

Hosptalisation (yes) n (%)

128 (14.2)

58 (45.3)

70 (54.7)

0.33

2 (6.3)

14 (43.8)

16 (50.0)

0.68

9 (16.4)

24 (12.7)

4 (19.0)

0.63

1 (3.6)

0.10

  1. n frequency, % percentage
  2. P-value Ë‚0.05 is considered significant
  3. *Infection severity: asymptomatic infection: without SARS-CoV-2 symptoms; mild infection: at least one SARS-CoV-2 symptoms excluding pneumonia; severe infection: presence of 3 or more SARS-CoV-2 symptoms with pneumonia and/or hospitalisation for SARS-CoV-2