From: Smoking status and SARS-CoV-2 infection severity among Lebanese adults: a cross-sectional study
Variables | All participants (n = 901) | Never smoked (n = 380) | Smoker (n = 521) | p-value | Cigarette smokers (n = 218) | p-value | Waterpipe smokers (n = 275) | p-value | Cigarette and Waterpippe smoking (n = 28) | p-value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |  | Mild (n = 19) | Moderate (n = 101) | Heavy (n = 93) |  | Mild (n = 58) | Moderate (n = 196) | Heavy (n = 21) |  |  |  |
Infection severity * n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Asymptomatic infection | 133 (14.8) | 63 (47.4) | 70 (52.6) |  | 1 (3.1) | 17 (53.1) | 14 (43.8) |  | 6 (10.3) | 28 (14.3) | 1 (4.8) |  | 2 (7.1) | 0.17 |
 Mild | 630 (69.9) | 256 (40.6) | 374 (59.4) | 0.31 | 16 (10.8) | 70 (47.3) | 62 (41.9) |  0.55 | 42 (72.4) | 141 (71.9) | 16 (76.2) |  0.68 | 24 (85.8) | |
 Severe | 138 (15.3) | 61 (44.2) | 77 (55.8) |  | 2 (6.1) | 14 (42.4) | 17 (51.5) |  | 10 (17.2) | 27 (13.8) | 4 (19.0) |  | 2 (7.1) | |
Self-reported symptoms n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Headache | 535 (59.4) | 215 (40.2) | 320 (59.8) | 0.15 | 12 (9.4) | 65 (50.8) | 51 (39.8) | 0.37 | 42 (72.4) | 116 (59.2) | 10 (47.6) | 0.08 | 20 (71.4) | 0.24 |
 Muscle or bone pain | 482 (53.5) | 205 (42.4) | 278 (57.6) | 0.89 | 10 (9.3) | 49 (45.8) | 48 (44.9) | 0.89 | 36 (62.1) | 100 (51.0) | 14 (66.7) | 0.17 | 18 (64.3) | 0.33 |
 Fever | 423 (46.9) | 188 (44.4) | 235 (55.6) | 0.20 | 10 (11.6) | 40 (46.5) | 36 (41.9) | 0.53 | 29 (50.0) | 89 (45.4) | 11 (52.4) | 0.75 | 16 (57.1) | 0.33 |
 Cough | 398 (44.2) | 182 (45.7) | 216 (54.3) | 0.05 | 4 (5.0) | 33 (41.3) | 43 (53.8) | 0.04 | 27 (46.6) | 81 (41.3) | 12 (57.1) | 0.35 | 14 (50.0) | 0.56 |
 Dyspnea | 290 (32.2) | 123 (42.4) | 167 (57.6) | 0.94 | 8 (11.1) | 28 (38.9) | 36 (50.0) | 0.21 | 15 (25.9) | 60 (30.6) | 8 (38.1) | 0.58 | 11 (39.3) | 0.53 |
 Gastrointestinal distrubances | 169 (18.8) | 78 (46.2) | 91 (53.8) | 0.26 | 6 (16.7) | 14 (38.9) | 16 (44.4) | 0.15 | 11 (19.0) | 36 (18.4) | 4 (19.0) | 1.00 | 3 (10.7) | 0.33 |
 Olfactory and taste disorders | 133 (14.8) | 44 (33.1) | 89 (66.9) | 0.02 | 1 (3.6) | 16 (57.1) | 11 (39.3) | 0.39 | 13 (22.4) | 36 (18.4) | 4 (19.0) | 0.76 | 8 (28.6) | 0.06 |
 Fatigue | 96 (10.7) | 52 (54.2) | 44 (45.8) | 0.01 | 2 (13.3) | 7 (46.7) | 6 (40.0) | 0.84 | 6 (10.3) | 18 (9.2) | 4 (19.0) | 0.39 | 1 (3.6) | 0.34 |
 Sore throat or rhinorrhea | 32 (3.6) | 17 (53.1) | 15 (46.9) | 0.20 | 1 (16.7) | 3 (50.0) | 2 (33.3) | 1.00 | 2 (3.4) | 7 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.77 | 0 (0.0) | 0.61 |
 Pneumonia | 21 (2.3) | 8 (38.1) | 13 (61.9) | 0.82 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 1.00 | 2 (3.4) | 5 (2.6) | 1 (4.8) | 1.00 | 1 (3.6) | 1.00 |
 Conjuctivitis | 8 (0.9) | 6 (75.0) | 2 (25.0) | 0.07 | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.08 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | 1 (3.6) | 0.22 |
 Heart palpitations | 4 (0.4) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | 1.00 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (4.8) | 0.19 | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
 Shortness of breath | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | 0.26 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0.52 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
Hosptalisation (yes) n (%) | 128 (14.2) | 58 (45.3) | 70 (54.7) | 0.33 | 2 (6.3) | 14 (43.8) | 16 (50.0) | 0.68 | 9 (16.4) | 24 (12.7) | 4 (19.0) | 0.63 | 1 (3.6) | 0.10 |