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Table 2 Infectious diseases divided by category and their temporal and spatial trends

From: Small-scale spatiotemporal epidemiology of notifiable infectious diseases in China: a systematic review

Infectious disease class

Infectious diseases

Trend

Hotspots and clusters

References

Class

Number

Items

Number

Class A

0

–

0

–

–

–

Class B

55

COVID-19

13

The geographical range of COVID-19 transmission expanded but the incidence shrank from 2020.1 to 2020.7

Hubei Province and its surrounding areas (2020.1–2020.3);

COVID-19 outbreak in China tended to be decentralized and localized (2020.3–2020.7)

[8, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 83, 84]

H7N9

7

The distribution had shifted from the eastern coastline to more inland areas

Southeast coastline and East China;

North China (fifth outbreak)

[4, 24, 57, 59, 77, 81, 87]

Tuberculosis

6

The geographical range of TB transmission declined from 2005 to 2018. The clustering time of SS + TB was concentrated before 2010 while SS- TB was mainly concentrated after 2010

Northwest and Central China, especially in Xinjiang (2005–2018)

[27, 53, 61, 62, 67, 78]

Dengue

4

The geographical range of Dengue transmission expanded from 2004 to 2017

South, Southwest, North and East China, moving from the southeast coast to the inland and southwest areas

[7, 38, 39, 48]

Rabies

3

Rabies incidences experienced M-shaped fluctuations between 1960 and 2014. Since the most recent peak (2007), the number of cases had declined but its geographic range had expanded

South, Central and East China;

Expanding to North China

[23, 44, 60]

Hemorrhagic fever

3

Hemorrhagic fever expanded its geographic limits within China between 1994 and 2012

Northeast, East and South China (1994–1998);

Northeast, Northwest, North, and East China (2005–2012), transferring from Northeast and Northwest to East and North China

[18, 31, 49]

Syphilis

3

The geographical range of syphilis transmission expanded between 2004 and 2011. In 2015, the number of hotspots with prenatal syphilis dropped by more than 65% than in 2010

East, West and Northwest China (2004–2011), especially in Yangtze River delta, Guangxi and expanding from Gansu to Xinjiang;

Northeast China (2006, 2008, 2010, 2011), especially in Northern Inner Mongolia

[22, 34, 56]

Malaria

2

Malaria had been largely eliminated in China from 2002 to 2014

Southwest, East and South China;

P. vivax malaria: shifted from the eastern to the western of China;

P. falciparum malaria: shifted from the western to the eastern of China

[35, 50]

Measles

2

The geographical range of Measles transmission decreased from 2005 to 2014

Northwest China, including most of Xinjiang, Tibet, and Western Sichuan (2005–2008);

Southern Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, Beijing, Tianjin, central Hebei, and parts of Northeast China (2009–2012);

Northwest China, including most of Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, Western Sichuan, and the Pearl River Delta (2013–2014)

[47, 52]

Japanese encephalitis

2

Japanese encephalitis expanded its geographic limits within China from 2002 to 2010

Southwest China, with an expanding trend to Central China, including Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Western Hunan, and Southern Shaanxi (2002–2010);

Shaanxi-Shanxi-Henan border, Shandong-Hebei border, Sichuan- Chongqing border, and Guizhou (2013)

[26, 40]

Anthrax

2

Anthrax expanded its geographic limits within China from 2005 to 2013

the border of Southwest and Northwest China, including the Qinghai-Sichuan border and some counties in Gansu and Tibet

[42, 43]

Hepatitis C

2

The geographical range of Hepatitis C transmission expanded from 2008 to 2013

Northwest and Northeast China, including Gansu, northern Xinjiang, northern Qinghai, western Inner Mongolia, Jilin, southern Heilongjiang, and northern Liaoning

[33, 46]

Hepatitis B

1

The geographical range of Hepatitis B transmission decreased from 2005 to 2009

Northwest China, including Qinghai, Gansu, Xinjiang, and Western Inner Mongolia;

Central China, especially in western Henan

[41]

AIDS

1

AIDS cases reported among MSM expanded rapidly from 2006 to 2015

East and South China and then spread to Southwest China (2006–2015)

[55]

Brucellosis

1

The geographical range of Brucellosis transmission expanded from 2004 to 2010

Northeast and Northwest China, and expanding to North China, including Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Shanxi, western Jilin, western Liaoning, northern Shanxi, and northern Xinjiang

[24]

Leptospirosis

1

The geographical range of Leptospirosis transmission decreased from 2005 to 2015

provincial boundaries in Southwest and East China, including southwest Sichuan, southwest Yunnan, Hubei-Chongqing border, Guizhou-Guangxi border, Fujian-Jiangxi border, and Anhui-Jiangxi-Fujian border

[59]

SARS

1

SARS has gradually disappeared since its outbreak in 2013

Beijing, the Pearl River Delta, and some other places (2013)

[51]

H5N1

1

The geographical range of H5N1 transmission decreased from 2004 to 2019

Central China, especially in provincial boundaries Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, and Jiangxi (2004);

Urumqi and its surrounding cities (2015);

Northwest China, such as Xinjiang, Tibet, and Qinghai Province (2006–2012, 2018)

Parts of Yunnan and Guizhou Province (2013–2016);

Northeast China (2017, 2019)

[82]

Class C

16

HFMD

12

The geographical range of HFMD transmission expanded from 2008 to 2013

North, East, and South China, with scope in South China expanding (including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and northern Shanxi) and that in North China narrowing (Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan)

[19, 20, 21, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 45, 58, 85, 86]

Influenza

2

The geographical range of Influenza transmission expanded

Influenza was distributed all over China

[63, 80]

H1N1

1

H1N1 had gradually disappeared since its outbreak in 2009

Central, East, and South China, including the Pearl River Delta, central Hebei, and northern Hubei

[64]

Echinococcosis

1

No clear trend

Southwest and Central China, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area

[79]

  1. ① H7N9: Human infection with H7N9 virus. ② AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. ③ H1N1: Influenza A(H1N1) infection. ④ HFMD: Hand, foot and mouth disease. ⑤ MSM: Men who have sex with men. ⑥ H5N1: Human infection with H5N1 virus. ⑦ SARS: Severe acute respiratory syndrome