Factors | Barriers | Beta-lactams (%) | Ciprofloxacin (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Procedure | I don’t have all the information and materials required to perform TDM | 39 | 47 |
 | I don’t have sufficient knowledge to use TDM | 23 | 30 |
 | I don’t have sufficient practical experience to use TDM | 28 | 36 |
 | For TDM, I am not aware of the activities I should perform and in which order |  | 28 |
 | Little experience with dose individualization TDM hinders me from using it |  | 27 |
 | The outcomes of using TDM are not clearly observable to me |  | 20 |
Beliefs | The use of TDM does not saves costs | 36 | 38 |
 | I don’t believe dose individualization of TDM is cost-effective | 20 | 22 |
 | TDM increases my workload | 30 | 25 |
 | Colleagues don’t expect me to apply TDM |  | 25 |
 | TDM does not shorten ICU length of stay |  | 20 |
Organization | There are no formal arrangements relating to the use of TDM | 55 | 72 |
 | There are other changes going on that influence implementation of TDM | 36 | 39 |
 | In my organization, no one have been designated to coordinate the process of implementing TDM | 28 | 39 |
Literature | The lack of evidence on the effectiveness of TDM hinders me from using it | 53 | 58 |
 | The lack of evidence on the cost-effectiveness of TDM hinders me from using it | 31 | 30 |
 | Facilitators |  |  |
Procedure | The use of TDM to treat infections | 92 | Â |
Beliefs | I feel it is my responsibility as a professional to use TDM | 84 | Â |
 | TDM is not too complex for me to use | 81 |  |
 | TDM prevents side effects | 81 |  |