Table 4 Potential factors associated with RTIs among pilgrims (n = 21)
Variable | Number of cases (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||
 18–25 | 1 (2.1) | Reference | 0.37 |
 26–39 | 8 (8.2) | 4.18 (0.50–34.41) | |
 40–55 | 6 (3.4) | 1.68 (0.19–14.29) | |
 56–64 | 5 (4.3) | 2.13 (0.24–18.78) | |
 ≥ 65 | 1 (10) | 5.22 (0.29–91.37) | |
Gender | |||
 Male | 10 (5) | Reference | 0.80 |
 Female | 11 (4.5) | 0.89 (0.37–2.15) | |
Nationality | |||
 Saudi | 18 (4.7) | Reference | 0.91 |
 Non-Saudi | 3 (5) | 1.07 (0.30–3.76) | |
Education level | |||
 No education | 0 (0) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.82 |
 Primary/elementary school certificate | 0 (0) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | |
 High school certificate | 4 (7.4) | 1.73 (0.55–5.43) | |
 Diploma | 2 (8.7) | 2.06 (0.44–9.62) | |
 University degree | 15 (4.4) | Reference | |
Chronic medical conditions | |||
 Obesity | 3 (16.7) | 4.45 (1.15–17.13) | 0.03 |
Smoking Status | |||
 Non-smoker | 18 (4.8) | Reference | 0.91 |
 Current smoker | 3 (4.5) | 0.94 (0.26–3.27) | |
Using soap and water | |||
 Less frequently (≤ 5 times/day) | 5 (3.7) | 0.71 (0.25–1.99) | 0.52 |
 More frequently (> 5 times/day) | 16 (5.1) | Reference | |
Using Alcohol-based hand sanitisers | |||
 Less frequently (≤ 5 times/day) | 10 (4.8) | 1.02 (0.42–2.47) | 0.95 |
 More frequently (> 5 times/day) | 11 (4.7) | Reference | |
Hand hygiene practices in key occasions* | |||
 Before eating | 18 (4.4) | 2.45 (0.56–10.63) | 0.23 |
 After eating | 18 (4.6) | 1.48 (0.34–6.33) | 0.59 |
 After toileting | 21 (5) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.99 |
 When hands are visibly dirty | 17 (5.1) | 0.52 (0.14–1.95) | 0.33 |
 After nose-blowing, sneezing or coughing | 11 (4.3) | 1.42 (0.42–4.81) | 0.57 |
 After touching garbage | 12 (4.3) | 1.58 (0.45–5.53) | 0.47 |
 After shaking hands | 12 (5.1) | 0.61 (0.20–1.90) | 0.40 |
 After touching frequently used surfaces | 17 (4.8) | 0.86 (0.25–2.95) | 0.81 |