Table 1 Study characteristics and results of included studies
First author | Study type | Country | Population description | No. pos tested asymptomatic/ sample size | Setting (level) | Ward | Period of data collection | Mean age of HCW | Gender distribution (female in %) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abdelmoniem et al. [23] | Cross-sectional | Egypt | HCW (nurses, physicians, patient transporters, cleaners, radiologists, administrative staff) | 29/203 (14.3%) | 3 | 3 | 01.–14.06.2020 | 31.9 | 49 |
Al-Zoubi et al. [24] | Cohort | Jordan | HCW (nurses, physicians, other staff) | 0/370 (0%) | 4 | 0 | 18.03.–29.04.2020 | 32.02 | 33 |
Armin et al. [25] | Cross-sectional | Iran | HCW, office workers, hospital service workers | 25/475 (5.3%) | 3 | 0 | 20.04. 05.05.2020 | N. A | 80 |
Brown et al. [26] | Cross-sectional | UK | HCW of six hospitals (medical and non-medical staff) | 23/1152 (2.0%) | 0 | 0 | 24.04.–07.05.2020 | 39 (median) | 70 |
Campbell et al. [27] | Cohort | USA | HCW | 16/525 (3%) | 3 | 0 | N. A | N. A | N. A |
Cavicchiolo et al. [28] | Cohort | Italy | HCW | 3/112 (2.7%) | 4 | 1 | 21.02.–21.04.2020 | N. A | N. A |
Demmer et al. [29] | Cohort | USA | HCW | 0/488 (0%) | 3–4 | 6 | 20.04.–24.06.2020 | 41 | 84.2 |
Dillner et al. [30] | Cohort | Sweden | HCW | 235/9449 (11.8%) | 4 | 6 | 23.04.–24.06.2020 | N. A | 79.3 |
Fakhim et al. [31] | Cross-sectional | Iran | HCW | 14/102 (13.7%) | 3–4 | 0 | 20.02.–15.03.2020 | N. A | 67.6 |
Favara et al. [32] | Cohort | UK | Patient-facing HCW (nurses, doctors, other patient-facing staff) | 0/70 (0%) | 3 | 2 | 01.–07.06.2020 | 42 | 56.6 |
Ferreira et al. [33] | Cross-sectional | Canada | HCW (nurses, physicians, allied health professionals) | Cohort 1: 9/1669 (0.54%) Cohort 2: 20/4107 (0.49%) | 3 | 0 | 17.04.–29.05.2020 | N. A | N. A |
Fusco et al. [34] | Cross-sectional | Italy | HCW (nurses, physicians, other staff) | 2/115 (1.7%) | 4 | 5 | 23.03.–02.04.2020 | 43 | 48.7 |
Guery et al. [35] | Cross-sectional | France | HCW | 3/136 (2.2) | 4 | 2 | 16.–19.04.2020 | 39 (median) | 82 |
Halbrook et al. [36] | Cohort | USA | frontline HCW and first responders of County Fire Department | 10/1787 (0.6%) of all 4/1108 (0.4%) of HCW | 4 | 0 | 08.04.–31.08.2020 | N. A | 64 |
Handal et al. [37] | Cross-sectional | Norway | HCW | 12/360 (3.3%) | 4 | 4 | 11.05.–11.06.2020 | N. A | 76.4 |
Hellewell et al. [38] | Cohort | UK | HCW | 15/200 (7.5%) | 4 | 0 | 26.03.–05.05.2020 | N. A | N. A |
Hidayat et al. [39] | Cross-sectional | Indonesia | HCW and other staff from an university hospital | 83/742 (11.1%) | 4 | 6 | 19. -23.06.2020 | N. A | 66.9 |
Horton et al. [40] | Cross-sectional | USA | HCW | 4/5826 (0.09%) | 4 | 0 | 22.04.–02.06.2020 | N. A | N. A |
Huang et al. [41] | Cross-sectional | USA | HCW (clinical staff, administrative staff, food services workers, environmental services) | 0/1394 (0%) | 4 | 0 | 01.04.–15.06.2020 | N. A | N. A |
Jameson et al. [42] | Cohort | USA | HCW (respiratory therapists, providers, nurses, patient care assistants) | 0/121 (0%) | 3–4 | 6 | N. A | N. A | N. A |
Johnson et al. [43] | Cohort | USA | HCW from four hospitals | 1/439 (0.2%) | 3–4 | 6 | 21.05.–16.07.2020 | N. A | N. A |
Kantele et al. [44] | Cross-sectional | Finland | HCW | 36/1095 (3.3%) | 4 | 6 | 22.04.2020 | 38 (median) | 82.7 |
Kassem et al. [45] | Cross-sectional | Egypt | HCW at gastroenterological service | 9/74 (12.2%) | 4 | 2 | 01.–14.04.2020 | 59.5 | |
Lahner et al. [46] | Cross-sectional | Italy | Health Workers | 58/2057 (2.7%) | 3 | 0 | 18.03.–27.04.2020 | 45.2 | 60.2 |
Lai et al. [47] | Case series | China | HCW | 3/335 (0.9) | 4 | 6 | 01.01.–09.02.2020 | 73.6 | |
Lombardi et al. [48] | Cross-sectional | Italy | HCW | 41/1093(3.7%) | 4 | 6 | 24.02.–31.03.2020 | 44.5 | 64.2 |
Martin et al. [49] | Cross-sectional | Belgium | HCW | 31/270(11.5%) | 4 | 4 | N. A | 37 | 73 |
Mohanty et al. [50] | Cross-sectional | USA | HCW and patients | 64/1670 (3.8%) in total; 33/912 HCW | 0 | 0 | 02.04.–30.06.2020 | 42.5 | 48.6 |
Moncunill et al. [51] | Cohort | Spain | HCW | 25/501 (5.0%) | 3–4 | 6 | 27.04. 06.05.2020 | 42 | 71.7 |
Moolla et al. [52] | Cohort | South Africa | HCW (nurses, administrative staff, doctors, general assistants) | 12/799(8.3%) | 0 | 0 | 01.05.–31.05.2020 | 39.7 | 77.4 |
Olalla et al. [53] | Cross-sectional | Spain | HCW (doctors, nurses, nursing assistants, security guards, administrative and cleaning staff) | 2/498 (0.4%) | 3 | 6 | 15.–25.04.2020 | 41.5 | 80 |
Olmos et al. [54] | Cross-sectional | Chile | HCW | 14/414 (3.4%) | 3 | 6 | 01.05.–01.07.2020 | 33 | 76 |
Oster et al. [55] | Cohort | Israel | HCW (medical, nursing, paramedical, administrative staff) | 5/4897 (0.1%) | 4 | 6 | 23.03.–11.05.2020 | N. A | N. A |
Rivett et al. [15] | Cross-sectional | UK | HCW | 31/1032 (3%) | 4 | 6 | 06.–24.04.2020 | 34 | 71 |
Stock et al. [56] | Cross-sectional | USA | HCW (adult clinician) | 8/98 (8.2%) | 4 | 6 | 04.–20.04.2020 | 37.6 | 50 |
Temkin [57] | Cross-sectional | Israel | HCW | 1/522 (0.2%) | 3 | 4 | 30.04.–07.05.2020 | 39.33 | 63.98 |
Treibel et al. [58] | Cohort | UK | HCW (doctors, nurses, allied health professionals, administrators, and others) | 53/1479 (3.6%) | 3 | 0 | 23.–31.03.2020 | N. A | N. A |
Vahidy et al. [59] | Cross-sectional | USA | HCW (Covid-Facing, Non Covid-Facing, Non-Clinical) | 112/2787 (4%) | 3–4 | 0 | N. A | 40.68 | 73 |
Zhou et al. [12] | Cross-sectional | China | HCW (doctors, nurses, administrative staff, clinical support staff) | 28/3674 (0.76%) | 4 | 0 | 16.–25.03.2020 | N. A | 67.7 |