Fig. 1

Study flowchart for Phase One and Phase Two. Phase One represented in green and Phase Two represented in blue. BC = blood culture, COMRU = Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit; CPH = Chiangrai Provincial Hospital; LOMWRU = Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit; SMRU = Shoklo Malaria Research Unit; SC = sub-culture; SC1 = 0–4 h; SC2 = 22–26 h; SC3 = 30–34 h; SC4 = 46–50 h; SC4 swab = Amies transport swab stored for 46–50 h; SC5 = 7 days