Insulin resistance in people living with HIV is associated with exposure to thymidine analogues and/or didanosine and prior immunodeficiency

Table 2 Risk factors associated with high HOMA-IR

Traditional risk factors	OR [95% CI]	P-value	aOR [95% CI]	P-value
Age, per 10 years older	1.45 [1.22–1.69]	< 0.001	1.57 [1.29–1.90]	< 0.001
Male sex	0.86 [0.52–1.43]	0.556	1.04 [0.57–1.90]	0.894
Abdominal obesity	7.34 [4.49–12.00]	< 0.001	4.93 [2.80–8.68]	< 0.001
Waist circumference, per cm	1.10 [1.08–1.13]	< 0.001	1.11 [1.07–1.14]	< 0.001
Hip circumference, per cm	1.08 [1.05–1.10]	< 0.001	1.01 [0.97–1.04]	0.768
BMI
Normal weight, BMI 18.5-24.99	Ref		Ref
Overweight, BMI 25-29.99	2.56 [1.67–3.91]	< 0.001	2.69 [1.73–4.18]	< 0.001
Obese, BMI ≥ 30	10.53 [6.06–18.31]	< 0.001	12.43 [6.81–22.67]	< 0.001
Smoking
Never smoker	Ref		Ref
Current smoker	0.84 [0.52–1.34]	0.453	1.29 [0.76–2.19]	0.347
Previous smoking	1.19 [0.79–1.78]	0.405	1.10 [0.69–1.74]	0.686
Non-European origin	1.16 [0.67–2.01]	0.598	1.25 [0.65–2.40]	0.497
HIV-specific risk factors
Exposure to older generation ART*	2.35 [1.62–3.41]	< 0.001	2.14 [1.24–3.71]	0.006
Duration of ART, per 5 years*	1.38 [1.20–1.59]	< 0.001	1.33 (0.99–1.79)	0.054
Time with HIV, per 5 years	1.26 [1.14–1.39]	< 0.001	1.19 [1.04–1.35]	0.009
CD4⁺ count, per 100 cells/µL	1.00 [1.00–1.00]	0.285	1.00 [1.00–1.00]	0.333
CD4⁺ nadir < 200 cells/µL	1.69 [1.17–2.43]	0.005	1.56 [1.02–2.38]	0.038
CD4⁺/CD8⁺-ratio, per 0.1 change in ratio	0.79 [0.53–1.17]	0.237	0.81 [0.53–1.24]	0.326
Previous AIDS defining condition	1.61 [1.04–2.51]	0.033	1.39 [CI 0.83–2.30]	0.209

Adjusted OR calculated using logistic regression in a model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and origin
^*Calculated using our adjusted model, further adjusting for time with HIV

ISSN: 1471-2334