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Table 2 Factors associated with reporting HZ—findings from age and sex adjusted and fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression model

From: Prevalence of and factors associated with herpes zoster in England: a cross-sectional analysis of the Health Survey for England

Variable

Age and sex adjusted

Fully-adjusted

OR (95% CI)

p-value

aOR (95% CI)

p-value

Gender

 Male

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Female

1.21 (1.05–1.40)

0.010

1.21 (1.03–1.43)

0.022

Age-group

 16–24

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 25–34

1.41 (0.86–2.24)

0.175

1.32 (0.77–2.25)

0.311

 35–44

1.99 (1.24–3.21)

0.005

1.97 (1.19–3.28)

0.009

 45–54

3.06 (1.96–4.78)

0.000

2.83 (1.74–4.61)

0.000

 55–64

4.28 (2.77–8.98)

0.000

3.72 (2.32–5.97)

0.000

 65–74

5.75 (3.69–8.98)

0.000

5.26 (3.24–8.54)

0.000

 75 + 

8.41 (5.41–13.10)

0.000

7.76 (4.73–12.76)

0.000

Ethnicity

 Non-White

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 White

2.67 (1.92–3.70)

0.000

2.00 (1.40–2.88)

0.000

Well-being (WEMBMS score)

 Bottom 15th centile

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Remainder

0.92 (0.72–1.17)

0.487

0.95 (0.74–1.22)

0.674

 Top 15th centile

0.88 (0.66–1.17)

0.391

0.98 (0.73–1.34)

0.922

Household size

 1

Ref.

   

 2

1.03 (0.86–1.24)

0.750

1.06 (0.87–1.31)

0.552

 3

1.04 (0.79–1.35)

0.790

1.11 (0.81–1.51)

0.525

 4

1.06 (0.76–1.43)

0.710

1.18 (0.84–1.65)

0.333

 5 or more

0.89 (0.57–1.37)

0.586

0.97 (0.60–1.59)

0.915

BMIa,b

 Not overweight or obese

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Overweight

0.97 (0.82–1.16)

0.743

0.95 (0.78–1.15)

0.581

 Obese

0.91 (0.75–1.11)

0.353

0.88 (0.70–1.09)

0.243

Area level Deprivationc

 Least deprived

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Second-lowest

1.15 (0.90–1.46)

0.267

1.13 (0.87–1.47)

0.349

 Middle

1.03 (0.82–1.29)

0.805

1.06 (0.83–1.34)

0.649

 Second-highest

1.12 (0.90–1.40)

0.300

1.12 (0.87–1.44)

0.385

 Most deprived

0.82 (0.65–1.04)

0.108

0.91 (0.69–1.19)

0.482

Physical activity—moderate

 No days

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 1–2 days

0.92 (0.75–1.13)

0.423

0.86 (0.68–1.07)

0.179

 3–4 days

1.23 (0.97–1.56)

0.088

1.10 (0.86–1.42)

0.449

 5–6 days

1.21 (0.88–1.66)

0.234

1.11 (0.79–1.54)

0.544

 7 days

1.40 (1.12–1.74)

0.003

1.29 (1.01–1.66)

0.043

Smoking status

 Never smoker

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Ex regular/Ex occasional smoker

1.21 (1.02–1.43)

0.026

1.09 (0.91–1.30)

0.362

 Current smoker

1.24 (0.99–1.57)

0.066

1.22 (0.94–1.57)

0.132

Alcohol consumptiond

None

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 ≤ 2 units

1.27 (1.04–1.55)

0.020

1.15 (0.92–1.43)

0.218

 > 2 and ≤ 4 units

1.01 (0.80–1.27)

0.961

0.98 (0.76–1.27)

0.882

 > 4 and ≤ 8 units

1.40 (1.12–1.76)

0.004

1.17 (0.91–1.51)

0.224

 8 + units

1.34 (1.03–1.75)

0.027

1.22 (0.91–1.63)

0.177

Clinical conditions

 Diabetese

1.13 (0.89–1.44)

0.300

1.00 (0.76–1.33)

0.977

 Respiratory disease

1.47 (1.14–1.90)

0.003

1.31 (0.96–1.77)

0.085

 Digestive disorders

1.48 (1.15–1.92)

0.003

1.51 (1.13–2.01)

0.005

 Genito urinary disorders

1.40 (0.95–2.05)

0.087

1.25 (0.81–1.94)

0.317

 Mental health condition

1.26 (0.91–1.75)

0.165

1.15 (0.80–1.65)

0.448

  1. BMI body mass index, WEMWBS Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale
  2. aBMI was calculated using measured height and weight where available and supplemented with self-reported BMI among participants with no height and/or weight measurements (BMI categories: < 25 kg/m2, not overweight or obese; 25 to < 30 kg/m2, overweight; and 30 kg/m2 or more, obese)
  3. bUnderweight included with normal weight due to small numbers
  4. cArea level deprivation defined using Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015 scores
  5. dUnits of alcohol consumed on heaviest drinking day in past 7 days
  6. eDoctor-diagnosed diabetes
  7. ^Statistical significance level: p value < 0.05
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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