Table 1 Participant characteristics by HIV viral load suppression status and associated crude odds ratio
| Â | Â | Viral suppression status | Unadjusted OR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Area of residence | Urban | 196 (51.0) | 144 (55.2) | 52 (42.3) | Ref |  |
Rural | 188 (49.0) | 117 (44.8) | 71 (57.7) | 1.68 (1.09, 2.60) | 0.02 | |
 Age (years) | Mean (SD) | 20.7 (2.2) | 20.7 (2.2) | 20.7 (2.2) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.09) | 0.80 |
 Sex | Female | 213 (55.5) | 150 (57.5) | 63 (51.2) | Ref |  |
Male | 171 (44.5) | 111 (42.5) | 60 (48.8) | 1.29 (0.84, 1.98) | 0.25 | |
 Education level | None | 7 (1.8) | 6 (2.3) | 1 (0.8) | Ref |  |
Primary | 151 (39.3) | 106 (40.6) | 45 (36.6) | 2.55 (0.30, 21.77) | 0.39 | |
Secondary | 168 (43.8) | 107 (41.0) | 61 (49.6) | 3.42 (0.40, 29.08) | 0.26 | |
Tertiary | 58 (15.1) | 42 (16.1) | 16 (13.0) | 2.29 (0.25, 20.50) | 0.46 | |
 Employment | Employed | 53 (13.8) | 37 (14.2) | 16 (13.0) | Ref |  |
Student | 138 (35.9) | 95 (36.4) | 43 (35.0) | 1.05 (0.53, 2.08) | 0.90 | |
Unemployed | 193 (50.3) | 129 (49.4) | 64 (52.0) | 1.15 (0.59, 2.22) | 0.68 | |
 Religion | No religion | 12 (3.1) | 9 (3.5) | 3 (2.4) | Ref |  |
Christian | 287 (74.7) | 195 (74.7) | 92 (74.8) | 1.42 (0.37, 5.35) | 0.61 | |
Muslim | 85 (22.1) | 57 (21.8) | 28 (22.8) | 1.47 (0.37, 5.87) | 0.58 | |
 Relationship status | With a partner1 | 64 (16.7) | 49 (18.8) | 15 (12.2) | Ref |  |
No partner2 | 320 (83.3) | 212 (81.2) | 108 (87.8) | 1.66 (0.89, 3.10) | 0.11 | |
 Living arrangement | Living alone | 34 (8.9) | 27 (10.3) | 7 (5.7) | Ref |  |
Family/relative | 343 (89.3) | 230 (88.1) | 113 (91.9) | 1.90 (0.80, 4.48) | 0.15 | |
Friend/other | 7 (1.8) | 4 (1.5) | 3 (2.4) | 2.89 (0.52, 16.03) | 0.22 | |
 Asset index scorea | Mean (SD) | 2.2 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.6) | 2.3 (1.7) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.21) | 0.38 |
HIV-related factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Body Mass Index | Normal | 230 (59.9) | 164 (62.8) | 66 (53.7) | Ref |  |
Overweight | 26 (6.8) | 19 (7.3) | 7 (5.7) | 0.92 (0.37, 2.28) | 0.85 | |
Obese | 13 (3.4) | 12 (4.6) | 1 (0.8) | 0.21 (0.03, 1.62) | 0.13 | |
Underweight | 115 (30.0) | 66 (25.3) | 49 (39.8) | 1.84 (1.16, 2.94) | 0.01 | |
 WHO HIV clinical stage (missing = 1) | Stage 1 & Stage 2 | 330 (86.2) | 225 (86.5) | 105 (85.4) | Ref |  |
Stage 3 & Stage 4 | 53 (13.8) | 35 (13.5) | 18 (14.6) | 1.10 (0.60, 2.04) | 0.76 | |
 Current ART regimen | First line | 309 (80.5) | 212 (81.2) | 97 (78.9) | Ref |  |
Second line | 75 (19.5) | 49 (18.8) | 26 (21.1) | 1.16 (0.68, 1.98) | 0.59 | |
 Duration on ART |  < 1 year | 25 (6.5) | 21 (8.0) | 4 (3.3) | Ref |  |
1–5 years | 124 (32.3) | 90 (34.5) | 34 (27.6) | 1.98 (0.63, 6.20) | 0.24 | |
 > 5 years | 235 (61.2) | 150 (57.5) | 85 (69.1) | 2.97 (0.99, 8.95) | 0.05 | |
 Any ART side effects (missing = 1) | No | 279 (72.9) | 187 (71.9) | 92 (74.8) | Ref |  |
Yes | 104 (27.1) | 73 (28.1) | 31 (25.2) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.41) | 0.56 | |
 ART Adherence | High adherence | 238 (62.0) | 172 (65.9) | 66 (53.7) | Ref |  |
Medium | 111 (28.9) | 71 (27.2) | 40 (32.5) | 1.47 (0.91, 2.37) | 0.12 | |
Low | 35 (9.1) | 18 (6.9) | 17 (13.8) | 2.46 (1.20, 5.06) | 0.01 | |
Any current opportunistic infection | No | 360 (93.7) | 251 (96.2) | 109 (88.6) | Ref | Â |
Yes | 24 (6.3) | 10 (3.8) | 14 (11.4) | 3.22 (1.39, 7.48) | 0.01 | |
Psychosocial factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Parental loss | All alive | 115 (30.0) | 84 (32.2) | 31 (25.2) | Ref |  |
One parent alive | 141 (36.7) | 87 (33.3) | 54 (43.9) | 1.68 (0.99, 2.87) | 0.06 | |
Both Died | 128 (33.3) | 90 (34.5) | 38 (30.9) | 1.14 (0.65, 2.00) | 0.64 | |
 Disclosure of HIV status | No | 19 (5.0) | 18 (6.9) | 1 (0.8) | Ref |  |
Yes, family only | 312 (81.2) | 208 (79.7) | 104 (84.6) | 9.00 (1.19, 68.35) | 0.03 | |
Yes, very open | 53 (13.8) | 35 (13.4) | 18 (14.6) | 9.26 (1.14, 75.02) | 0.04 | |
 Clinic accessibility |  < 30 min travel time | 123 (32.0) | 86 (33.0) | 37 (30.1) | Ref |  |
30 min–1 h | 166 (43.2) | 112 (42.9) | 54 (43.9) | 1.12 (0.68, 1.85) | 0.66 | |
 > hour travel time | 95 (24.7) | 63 (24.1) | 32 (26.0) | 1.18 (0.66, 2.10) | 0.57 | |
Satisfaction with current care | Satisfied | 364 (94.8) | 246 (94.3) | 118 (95.9) | Ref | Â |
Unsatisfied | 20 (5.2) | 15 (5.7) | 5 (4.1) | 0.69 (0.25, 1.96) | 0.49 | |
Currently smoking | No | 367 (95.6) | 250 (95.8) | 117 (95.1) | Ref | Â |
Yes | 17 (4.4) | 11 (4.2) | 6 (4.9) | 1.17 (0.42, 3.23) | 0.77 | |
Current use of khat | No | 355 (92.4) | 245 (93.9) | 110 (89.4) | Ref | Â |
Yes | 29 (7.6) | 16 (6.1) | 13 (10.6) | 1.81 (0.84, 3.89) | 0.13 | |
Current alcohol use | No | 334 (87.0) | 232 (88.9) | 102 (82.9) | Ref | Â |
Yes | 50 (13.0) | 29 (11.1) | 21 (17.1) | 1.65 (0.90, 3.03) | 0.11 | |
Depressive symptoms | No | 277 (72.1) | 196 (75.1) | 81 (65.8) | Ref | Â |
yes | 107 (27.9) | 65 (24.9) | 42 (34.2) | 1.56 (0.98, 2.49) | 0.06 | |
Perceived HIV stigma | Mean (SD) | 25.9 (7.4) | 25.6 (7.6) | 26.7 (6.9) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 0.17 |