Table 1 Baseline characteristics of COVID-19 patients with and without acute venous thromboembolism

Gender

Male

1447 (49.8)

118 (50.0)

1

Female

1460 (50.2)

118 (50.0)

Race/ethnicity

American Indian or Alaskan Native

6 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

0.119

Asian or Pacific Islander

52 (1.8)

0 (0.0)

Black

995 (34.2)

93 (39.4)

White

1645 (56.6)

131 (55.5)

Hispanic

50 (1.7)

1 (0.4)

Others

86 (3.0)

4 (1.7)

Unknown

72 (2.5)

7 (3.0)

Age (years)

Mean (SD)

66.2 (16.4)

68.0 (16.7)

0.125

Body mass index (kg/m²)

 < 18.5

52 (1.9)

7 (3.3)

0.329

18.5–24.9

487 (17.7)

44 (20.8)

25–29

828 (30.2)

60 (28.3)

 > 30

1378 (50.2)

101 (47.6)

Hospital LOS (days)

Mean (SD)

8.8 (6.4)

12.2 (9.2)

 < 0.001

Total ICU (days)

Mean (SD)

1.9 (5.0)

3.8 (8.1)

 < 0.001

Mechanical ventilation (days)

Mean (SD)

1.1 (3.9)

2.4 (6.9)

0.005

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

420 (14.4)

37 (15.7)

0.675

Oxygen device

None

2241 (77.4)

153 (64.8)

 < 0.001

Nasal cannula/non-rebreather mask

574 (19.8)

60 (25.4)

Ventilator

43 (1.5)

11 (4.7)

Other

29 (1.0)

5 (2.1)

High-flow nasal cannula

7 (0.2)

7 (3.0)

Vitals on presentation

Oxygen saturation (%)

Mean (SD)

94.0 (6.2)

93.4 (7.2)

0.258

Heart rate (beats/minute)

94.3 (19.7)

100.7 (20.7)

 < 0.001

Respiratory rate (breaths/minute)

20.9 (6.4)

21.3 (6.0)

0.283

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74.7 (15.6)

74.6 (16.5)

0.897

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

134.1 (24.9)

130.9 (25.6)

0.074

Labs on presentation

White blood cell count (K/uL)

7.5 (4.5)

9.4 (6.0)

 < 0.001

Lymphocytes (K/uL)

1.6 (1)

1.4 (0.9)

0.007

Neutrophils (K/uL)

6.7 (2.5)

6.6 (2.8)

0.645

Hemoglobin A1c (%)

7.8 (2.2)

7.4 (2.2)

0.281

B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL)

167.2 (338.2)

189.5 (311.9)

0.387

C-reactive protein (mg/dL)

9.2 (7.6)

11.6 (8.5)

 < 0.001

D-dimer (μg/mL)

1.8 (2.3)

4.6 (5.0)

 < 0.001

Ferritin  (ng/mL)

753.3 (1673.9)

725.7 (978.0)

0.716

Fibrinogen (mg/dL)

570.5 (168.3)

554.0 (207.1)

0.573

Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)

76.3 (127.4)

136.5 (159.8)

0.094

)Hemoglobin (gm/dL)

10.9 (2.9)

12.4 (5.1)

0.754

Lactate (mmol/L)

1.8 (1.4)

2.0 (1.3)

0.384

Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L)

322.9 (340.8)

370.1 (367.3)

0.079

Alanine transaminase (U/L)

53.1 (205.8)

64.5 (204.0)

0.436

Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)

59.9 (216.8)

100.3 (564.9)

0.298

Procalcitonin (ng/mL)

2.1 (8.7)

1.3 (2.2)

0.008

Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)

26.0 (21.3)

30.3 (26.0)

0.018

Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.6 (2.0)

1.6 (1.9)

0.711

Potassium (meq/L)

4.0 (0.7)

4.1 (0.8)

0.034

Total bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.8 (0.6)

1.0 (2.6)

0.227

Platelet count (K/uL)

218.1 (95.3)

258.7 (144.2)

 < 0.001

Social history

Smoker

216 (7.4)

19 (8.1)

0.826

Alcohol Use

45 (1.5)

7 (3.0)

0.168

Marijuana Use

18 (0.6)

3 (1.3)

0.443

In-hospital medications

Inpatient anticoagulation therapeutic dose

302 (11.5)

101 (46.3)

 < 0.001

Inpatient anticoagulation prophylactic dose

2446 (92.8)

162 (74.3)

 < 0.001

Home medications

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

29 (10.9)

5 (18.5)

0.384

Azithromycin

21 (7.9)

4 (14.8)

0.383

Hydroxychloroquine

4 (1.5)

1 (3.7)

0.949

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

66 (24.7)

9 (33.3)

0.455

Angiotensin—ll receptor blockers

42 (15.7)

5 (18.5)

0.919

Beta blockers

91 (34.1)

7 (25.9)

0.52

Diuretics

85 (31.8)

9 (33.3)

1

Statins

115 (43.1)

8 (29.6)

0.252

Warfarin

12 (4.5)

2 (7.4)

0.839

Aspirin

88 (33.0)

5 (18.5)

0.187

P2Y12 inhibitors

10 (3.7)

2 (7.4)

0.685

Direct-acting oral anticoagulants

17 (6.4)

0 (0.0)

0.359

Other anticoagulants

7 (2.6)

0 (0.0)

0.85

Corticosteroids

26 (9.7)

4 (14.8)

0.619

Proton pump inhibitors

70 (26.2)

10 (37.0)

0.329

Oxygen requirement prior to admission

Yes

18 (6.7)

0 (0.0)

0.319

Unknown

5 (1.9)

1 (3.7)

Lab values (Maximum and Minimum)

White blood cell count Max

Mean (SD)

8.8 (5.3)

10.4 (6.2)

 < 0.001

Lymphocytes Min

12.3 (7.6)

11.0 (7.5)

0.013

Neutrophils Max

84.0 (10.6)

86.0 (10.5)

0.007

Hemoglobin A1c Min

7.8 (2.2)

7.4 (2.2)

0.291

B-type natriuretic peptide Max

168.8 (333.9)

197.0 (318.8)

0.283

C-reactive protein Max

7.6 (5.8)

9.8 (8.1)

< 0.001

D-dimer Max

2.3 (2.5)

4.7 (3.8)

< 0.001

Ferritin Max

871.4 (2476.0)

773.6 (1094.9)

0.284

Fibrinogen Max

594.3 (168.9)

571.8 (196.6)

0.423

Interleukin-6 Max

79.3 (137.6)

138.3 (160.5)

0.104

Hemoglobin Min

10.0 (2.4)

10.6 (0.5)

0.445

Lactate Max

2.0 (1.5)

2.4 (2.7)

0.165

Lactate dehydrogenase Max

380.0 (369.0)

438.1 (378.4)

0.036