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Table 2 Selected resultant rules from the ARM algorithm DESigFAR

From: The fine-scale associations between socioeconomic status, density, functionality, and spread of COVID-19 within a high-density city

(a) Rules for wave-1&2 local case rate; POI accessibility was used

P

 

Antecedent

Consequent

Supp

Conf

Lev

Imp

1

prop_higher_edu > 0.361 (p85)

rate_local12 > 0.143 (p86)

10.73

0.33

5.98

0.18

3.34E−05

2

med_income > 18,518.024 (p62)

rate_local12 > 0.136 (p85)

20.40

0.24

7.24

0.09

5.54E−05

3

med_area_home > 16.093 (p47)

rate_local12 > 0.136 (p85)

26.44

0.23

8.43

0.07

6.08E−05

4

gender_ratio > 106.692 (p92)

rate_local12 > 0.107 (p81)

9.88

0.57

6.33

0.36

1.48E−05

5

prop_over65 > 0.204 (p84)

rate_local12 < 0.005 (p45)

25.42

0.76

10.35

0.31

6.96E−05

6

prop_private_resid > 0.101 (p66)

rate_local12 > 0.046 (p63)

39.60

0.52

11.15

0.15

2.84E−06

7

prop_private_resid < 0.011 (p28)

rate_local12 < 0.002 (p45)

43.51

0.74

16.71

0.28

1.14E−07

8

prop_industrial < 0.001 (p47)

rate_local12 > 0.104 (p80)

33.96

0.34

12.94

0.13

3.96E−06

9

LU_entropy < 0.543 (p46)

rate_local12 > 0.106 (p80)

29.65

0.30

9.50

0.10

6.50E−05

10

LU_entropy > 0.543 (p46)

rate_local12 = 0.006–0.106 (p45-80)

54.87

0.47

15.52

0.13

1.60E−06

11

prop_rural_set < 0.008 (p56)

rate_local12 > 0.038 (p60)

61.34

0.52

13.81

0.12

6.93E−05

(b) Rules for wave-1&2 imported case rate; POI accessibility was used

 
 

Antecedent

Consequent

Supp

Conf

Lev

Imp

P

1

prop_higher_edu > 0.364 (p85)

rate_imported12 > 0.124 (p71)

24.89

0.78

15.77

0.49

6.85E−11

2

prop_higher_edu < 0.170 (p37)

rate_imported12 < 0.039 (p50)

57.65

0.73

17.91

0.23

3.65E−07

3

med_income > 19,583.009 (p65)

rate_imported12 > 0.110 (p70)

44.69

0.62

22.24

0.31

1.22E-15

4

med_income < 19,583.009 (p65)

rate_imported12 < 0.110 (p70)

120.22

0.85

22.51

0.16

1.22E-15

5

med_area_home > 25.388 (p86)

rate_imported12 > 0.169 (p78)

19.27

0.66

12.70

0.44

1.69E-12

6

gender_ratio > 94.842 (p64)

rate_imported12 > 0.207 (p81)

26.22

0.32

10.36

0.13

6.60E−05

7

prop_over65 < 0.140 (p35)

rate_imported12 > 0.083 (p65)

38.57

0.53

11.66

0.16

5.07E−05

8

prop_over65 > 0.140 (p35)

rate_imported12 < 0.083 (p65)

100.87

0.72

11.69

0.08

5.07E−05

9

ave_household_size > 3.250 (p87)

rate_imported12 > 0.110 (p70)

20.27

0.76

11.98

0.45

6.18E−09

10

den_population = 673.564–26,483.860 (p13-60)

rate_imported12 > 0.084 (p66)

46.61

0.48

11.11

0.11

2.65E−05

11

den_public_trans < 3.592 (p25)

rate_imported12 < 0.004 (p36)

33.98

0.63

14.57

0.27

1.77E−06

12

den_population < 673.564 (p13)

rate_imported12 < 0.004 (p36)

18.89

0.70

9.22

0.34

3.94E−06

13

build_area_pp > 75.116 (p54) &prop_private_resid > 0.239 (p85)

rate_imported12 > 0.184 (p80)

8.11

0.85

6.08

0.49

6.97E−05

14

prop_private_resid < 0.002 (p19)

rate_imported12 < 0.005 (p36)

30.69

0.75

16.01

0.39

4.10E−09

15

prop_publicResid < 0.034 (p69)

rate_imported12 > 0.103 (p69)

62.20

0.43

15.37

0.11

1.72E−08

16

prop_industrial < 0.000 (p43)

rate_imported12 > 0.097 (p68)

44.29

0.49

13.89

0.15

1.39E−06

17

LU_entropy < 0.561 (p51)

rate_imported12 > 0.099 (p68)

48.70

0.45

12.73

0.12

5.05E−05

18

LU_entropy > 0.561 (p51)

rate_imported12 = 0.001–0.099 (p36-68)

46.64

0.44

13.70

0.13

6.21E−05

19

build_area_pp = 51.859–202.851 (p43-89)

rate_imported12 > 0.105 (p69)

47.53

0.48

15.73

0.16

3.57E−07

20

build_area_pp > 71.028 (p53) &prop_rural_set > 0.026 (p66)

rate_imported12 < 0.004 (p36)

26.61

0.69

12.69

0.22

1.88E−05

21

prop_agricultural > 0.055 (p81)

rate_imported12 < 0.003 (p36)

25.97

0.63

11.25

0.27

2.23E−05

22

prop_gov_insti_faci > 0.030 (p41)

rate_imported12 = 0.003–0.124 (p36-71)

62.21

0.49

16.38

0.13

3.90E−08

23

prop_transport > 0.121 (p50)

rate_imported12 = 0.004–0.080 (p36-64)

43.70

0.40

12.51

0.11

4.34E−05

24

POI_pp_sports > 30.523 (p67)

rate_imported12 > 0.196 (p80)

28.89

0.41

14.60

0.21

5.62E−08

25

POI_pp_telecom_elec > 25.431 (p76)

rate_imported12 > 0.213 (p81)

24.73

0.46

14.51

0.27

5.34E−10

26

POI_pp_transport > 39.200 (p61)

rate_imported12 > 0.188 (p80)

32.28

0.37

14.25

0.17

1.27E−07

27

POI_pp_mall_mkt > 10.941 (p75)

rate_imported12 > 0.202 (p80)

25.16

0.45

14.06

0.25

1.15E−08

28

POI_pp_edu > 22.306 (p79)

rate_imported12 > 0.187 (p80)

22.41

0.48

12.67

0.27

2.78E−08

29

POI_pp_telecom_elec < 6.513 (p36)

rate_imported12 = 0.004–0.091 (p36-67)

48.88

0.64

25.23

0.33

1.78E−15

30

POI_pp_sports < 6.556 (p22)

rate_imported12 = 0.004–0.108 (p36-70)

37.48

0.77

21.29

0.44

1.32E−13

31

POI_pp_edu < 3.533 (p20)

rate_imported12 = 0.003–0.078 (p36-64)

32.83

0.75

20.52

0.47

8.59E−14

32

POI_pp_mall_mkt < 1.922 (p22)

rate_imported12 = 0.003–0.083 (p36-66)

33.73

0.73

20.19

0.44

8.37E−12

33

POI_pp_transport < 4.899 (p9)

rate_imported12 = 0.003–0.084 (p36-66)

18.09

0.89

12.07

0.59

1.59E−08

34

POI_pp_transport = 4.899–8.368 (p9-19)

rate_imported12 = 0.003–0.084 (p36-66)

14.37

0.74

8.63

0.44

1.21E−05

(c) Rules for wave-3 local case rate; POI accessibility was used

 
 

Antecedent

Consequent

Supp

Conf

Lev

Imp

P

1

prop_higher_edu < 0.237 (p62)

rate_local3 > 0.335 (p53)

75.42

0.57

14.15

0.11

7.00E−06

2

prop_higher_edu > 0.237 (p62)

rate_local3 < 0.335 (p53)

58.31

0.71

13.93

0.17

7.00E−06

3

med_income < 15,406.084 (p39)

rate_local3 > 0.335 (p53)

57.08

0.66

16.75

0.19

1.49E−06

4

med_income > 24,009.220 (p79)

rate_local3 < 0.335 (p53)

38.57

0.84

13.99

0.31

3.40E−07

5

med_area_home < 13.826 (p27)

rate_local3 > 0.340 (p54)

43.20

0.76

16.91

0.30

1.26E−08

6

med_area_home > 19.838 (p65)

rate_local3 < 0.340 (p54)

56.62

0.75

15.50

0.20

5.08E−08

7

prop_over65 > 0.141 (p36)

rate_local3 > 0.274 (p47)

85.51

0.61

10.65

0.08

8.15E−05

8

prop_over65 < 0.141 (p36)

rate_local3 < 0.274 (p47)

44.95

0.61

10.53

0.14

8.15E−05

9

ave_household_size < 2.580 (p17)

rate_local3 > 0.621 (p79)

18.74

0.43

9.54

0.22

2.66E−05

10

ave_household_size > 2.925 (p63)

rate_local3 < 0.621 (p79)

78.93

0.91

9.95

0.11

8.13E−05

11

den_population > 21,684.808 (p53)

rate_local3 > 0.267 (p47)

68.18

0.69

14.02

0.14

3.31E−05

12

den_road > 9.024 (p43)

rate_local3 > 0.407 (p59)

59.85

0.49

11.28

0.09

5.28E−05

13

den_bldg > 0.136 (p43)

rate_local3 > 0.411 (p59)

59.27

0.47

10.35

0.08

8.32E−05

14

den_population < 21,684.808 (p53)

rate_local3 < 0.267 (p47)

66.24

0.58

14.34

0.13

3.31E−05

15

den_public_trans < 4.083 (p28)

rate_local3 < 0.016 (p15)

23.50

0.40

14.24

0.24

9.33E-10

16

den_road < 9.024 (p43)

rate_local3 < 0.407 (p59)

66.36

0.73

11.35

0.12

5.28E−05

17

den_bldg < 0.136 (p43)

rate_local3 < 0.411 (p59)

64.66

0.72

10.38

0.12

8.32E−05

18

prop_higher_edu < 0.212 (p54) &prop_private_resid > 0.104 (p66)

rate_local3 > 0.372 (p57)

17.56

0.94

9.55

0.39

3.17E−05

19

prop_private_resid < 0.021 (p36)

rate_local3 < 0.041 (p16)

22.79

0.30

10.35

0.14

4.46E−05

20

prop_publicResid > 0.063 (p74)

rate_local3 > 0.295 (p50)

40.41

0.74

12.49

0.23

6.57E−05

21

prop_publicResid < 0.063 (p74)

rate_local3 < 0.295 (p50)

90.45

0.57

12.43

0.08

6.57E−05

22

med_income < 18,723.236 (p62) &prop_rural_set < 0.000 (p44) &prop_industrial < 0.008 (p69)

rate_local3 > 0.428 (p63)

29.28

0.77

15.05

0.15

6.34E−05

23

build_area_pp < 61.380 (p50)

rate_local3 > 0.222 (p38)

75.64

0.75

14.46

0.14

6.15E−06

24

build_area_pp > 61.380 (p50)

rate_local3 < 0.222 (p38)

58.89

0.52

14.37

0.13

6.15E−06

25

med_income < 23,040.421 (p78) &prop_agricultural < 0.028 (p72)

rate_local3 > 0.335 (p53)

72.65

0.64

20.12

0.09

5.81E−05

26

ave_household_size < 2.636 (p29) &prop_rural_set < 0.001 (p46)

rate_local3 > 0.493 (p68)

25.71

0.65

13.15

0.17

5.45E−05

27

prop_shrubland < 0.009 (p30)

rate_local3 > 0.570 (p76)

28.29

0.43

12.25

0.19

1.27E−05

28

prop_woodland < 0.012 (p22)

rate_local3 > 0.409 (p59)

30.91

0.65

12.19

0.26

1.01E−05

29

prop_grassland < 0.000 (p16)

rate_local3 > 0.500 (p68)

21.99

0.64

11.34

0.33

1.08E−05

30

prop_woodland > 0.322 (p82)

rate_local3 < 0.409 (p59)

34.03

0.87

10.45

0.27

3.92E−05

31

prop_shrubland > 0.281 (p89)

rate_local3 < 0.166 (p30)

16.40

0.71

9.31

0.40

1.54E−06

32

prop_open_recreation < 0.002 (p14)

rate_local3 < 0.016 (p15)

13.07

0.44

8.31

0.28

9.22E−06

33

med_income < 17,081.439 (p53) &prop_open_recreation > 0.026 (p45)

rate_local3 > 0.352 (p56)

49.42

0.71

18.23

0.11

1.03E−05

34

prop_higher_edu < 0.224 (p58) &prop_gov_insti_faci > 0.027 (p38)

rate_local3 > 0.297 (p50)

54.45

0.74

17.12

0.12

6.17E−05

35

prop_transport > 0.141 (p55)

rate_local3 > 0.382 (p57)

54.56

0.56

13.89

0.14

4.17E−05

36

prop_business > 0.039 (p84)

rate_local3 > 0.518 (p71)

19.10

0.54

8.80

0.25

2.87E−05

37

prop_higher_edu < 0.222 (p58) &POI_pp_sports < 12.643 (p42)

rate_local3 > 0.277 (p47)

49.14

0.79

16.23

0.13

7.74E−05

38

med_income < 19,861.505 (p65) &POI_pp_edu < 19.291 (p73)

rate_local3 > 0.180 (p33)

94.43

0.80

15.87

0.06

2.84E−05

39

prop_higher_edu < 0.228 (p61) &POI_pp_mall_mkt < 9.663 (p69)

rate_local3 > 0.233 (p39)

75.07

0.74

15.46

0.06

4.66E−05

40

POI_pp_transport < 16.809 (p38)

rate_local3 > 0.191 (p35)

65.98

0.84

14.48

0.18

1.67E−07

41

POI_pp_telecom_elec < 6.955 (p37)

rate_local3 > 0.193 (p35)

65.22

0.82

13.81

0.17

2.01E−06

(d) Rules for wave-4 local case rate; POI accessibility was used

 
 

Antecedent

Consequent

Supp

Conf

Lev

Imp

P

1

med_income < 12,559.030 (p7)

rate_local4 > 0.831 (p79)

8.91

0.64

5.86

0.42

2.82E−05

2

med_income < 29,532.689 (p84) &prop_grassland < 0.007 (p31)

rate_local4 > 0.852 (p80)

30.41

0.62

20.17

0.13

4.52E−05

3

med_income < 23,878.185 (p79) &den_bldg > 0.293 (p72)

rate_local4 > 0.774 (p75)

29.22

0.65

17.99

0.13

5.12E−05

4

med_area_home < 15.641 (p45)

rate_local4 > 0.299 (p29)

74.53

0.81

9.64

0.10

7.30E−05

5

med_area_home > 15.641 (p45)

rate_local4 < 0.299 (p29)

45.56

0.37

9.68

0.08

7.30E−05

6

gender_ratio > 109.623 (p94)

rate_local4 < 0.334 (p34)

10.16

0.79

5.84

0.45

5.99E−05

7

prop_over65 > 0.229 (p93)

rate_local4 < 0.299 (p29)

11.05

0.78

6.81

0.48

2.32E−05

8

ave_household_size < 2.713 (p37)

rate_local4 > 0.865 (p80)

27.87

0.38

12.90

0.17

2.34E−07

9

den_road > 16.383 (p71)

rate_local4 > 0.722 (p72)

36.83

0.60

19.40

0.31

4.63E−12

10

den_bldg > 0.226 (p62)

rate_local4 > 0.603 (p64)

50.39

0.60

18.56

0.22

3.09E−07

11

den_population > 26,219.620 (p60)

rate_local4 > 0.466 (p46)

63.71

0.71

16.81

0.19

1.21E−06

12

den_public_trans > 95.120 (p92)

rate_local4 > 0.780 (p76)

12.45

0.67

7.89

0.42

1.19E−05

13

den_road < 16.383 (p71)

rate_local4 < 0.722 (p72)

128.58

0.84

19.36

0.13

4.63E-12

14

den_bldg < 0.226 (p62)

rate_local4 < 0.603 (p64)

99.30

0.76

18.44

0.14

3.09E−07

15

den_population < 26,219.620 (p60)

rate_local4 < 0.466 (p46)

75.80

0.61

16.78

0.14

1.21E−06

16

den_public_trans < 46.130 (p78)

rate_local4 < 0.780 (p76)

136.41

0.85

15.26

0.10

4.31E-10

17

prop_private_resid > 0.087 (p64)

rate_local4 > 0.731 (p73)

36.23

0.45

13.84

0.17

1.00E−06

18

prop_private_resid < 0.022 (p36)

rate_local4 < 0.117 (p14)

22.60

0.29

11.64

0.15

2.50E−08

19

prop_publicResid > 0.042 (p70)

rate_local4 = 0.168–1.073 (p16-87)

56.16

0.86

10.24

0.16

3.66E−05

20

prop_industrial < 0.000 (p36)

rate_local4 > 1.033 (p86)

23.82

0.31

12.74

0.17

2.01E−07

21

LU_entropy < 0.548 (p47)

rate_local4 > 0.863 (p80)

34.55

0.34

14.21

0.14

1.67E−07

22

LU_entropy > 0.548 (p47)

rate_local4 = 0.140–0.863 (p14-80)

90.44

0.80

17.54

0.15

3.55E−08

23

build_area_pp < 58.100 (p47)

rate_local4 > 0.222 (p21)

83.55

0.87

10.09

0.11

1.52E−05

24

build_area_pp > 58.100 (p47)

rate_local4 < 0.222 (p21)

36.65

0.31

9.66

0.08

1.52E−05

25

prop_rural_set < 0.001 (p46)

rate_local4 > 0.630 (p64)

50.56

0.52

15.79

0.16

4.68E−05

26

prop_agricultural > 0.017 (p64)

rate_local4 < 0.430 (p43)

46.73

0.61

13.80

0.18

5.87E−06

27

prop_shrubland < 0.000 (p0)

rate_local4 > 0.785 (p76)

27.11

0.71

17.92

0.47

4.93E−14

28

prop_agricultural < 0.001 (p40)

rate_local4 > 0.766 (p74)

39.90

0.46

17.43

0.20

1.13E−08

29

prop_grassland < 0.004 (p23)

rate_local4 > 0.848 (p80)

28.16

0.56

17.42

0.34

1.39E-13

30

prop_woodland < 0.016 (p25)

rate_local4 > 1.282 (p90)

15.27

0.29

10.03

0.19

3.76E−08

31

prop_shrubland > 0.064 (p49)

rate_local4 < 0.785 (p76)

101.16

0.90

15.67

0.14

2.93E−07

32

prop_grassland > 0.085 (p71)

rate_local4 < 0.188 (p16)

20.40

0.32

9.55

0.15

6.50E−06

33

prop_open_recreation > 0.030 (p48) &LU_entropy < 0.551 (p49)

rate_local4 > 0.804 (p78)

26.92

0.55

15.70

0.18

7.19E−06

34

prop_gov_insti_faci > 0.025 (p36) &LU_entropy < 0.546 (p47)

rate_local4 > 0.765 (p74)

29.27

0.51

14.66

0.11

5.00E−05

35

prop_transport > 0.241 (p71)

rate_local4 > 0.897 (p81)

25.98

0.43

14.55

0.24

3.65E−08

36

prop_business > 0.058 (p86)

rate_local4 > 0.784 (p76)

18.49

0.65

11.61

0.41

1.45E−08

37

med_income < 24,082.337 (p79) &prop_rural_set < 0.001 (p46) &POI_pp_sports > 19.996 (p53)

rate_local4 > 0.827 (p79)

19.48

0.68

13.18

0.22

4.62E−05

38

med_income < 24,082.337 (p79) &den_road > 10.205 (p48) &POI_pp_mall_mkt > 6.459 (p57)

rate_local4 > 0.895 (p81)

18.62

0.63

13.02

0.22

4.56E−05

39

med_income < 23,241.294 (p78) &prop_rural_set < 0.002 (p49) &POI_pp_transport > 32.416 (p54)

rate_local4 > 0.815 (p78)

18.37

0.70

12.49

0.24

6.88E−05

40

POI_pp_sports > 33.191 (p70)

rate_local4 < 0.062 (p13)

22.58

0.35

14.17

0.22

8.48E−12

41

POI_pp_telecom_elec > 30.272 (p80)

rate_local4 < 0.039 (p13)

19.74

0.45

14.04

0.32

3.55E−13

42

POI_pp_transport > 68.907 (p80)

rate_local4 < 0.048 (p13)

19.71

0.45

14.01

0.32

7.44E−15

43

POI_pp_edu > 25.063 (p83)

rate_local4 < 0.061 (p13)

15.92

0.40

10.72

0.27

2.21E−09

44

POI_pp_mall_mkt > 19.264 (p88)

rate_local4 < 0.071 (p13)

12.77

0.48

9.31

0.35

2.60E−09

(e) Rules for wave-4 local case rate, excluding cases in the Dancing/Singing Cluster; POI accessibility was used

 

Antecedent

Consequent

Supp

Conf

Lev

Imp

P

1

prop_higher_edu < 0.346 (p82) &prop_rural_set < 0.000 (p43)

rate_local4nondance > 0.389 (p53)

48.36

0.76

18.27

0.14

2.36E−05

2

prop_higher_edu < 0.342 (p81) &den_road > 11.532 (p53)

rate_local4nondance > 0.421 (p58)

49.83

0.68

17.91

0.09

2.44E−05

(f) Rules for wave-3 local case rate; POI density was used

 
 

Antecedent

Consequent

Supp

Conf

Lev

Imp

P

1

POI_den_mall_mkt > 307.693 (p78)

rate_local3 > 0.547 (p72)

24.39

0.53

12.21

0.26

5.24E−06

2

POI_den_sports > 882.075 (p78)

rate_local3 > 0.528 (p71)

24.72

0.55

11.96

0.26

4.03E−06

3

POI_den_telecom_elec > 540.287 (p78)

rate_local3 > 0.539 (p71)

24.30

0.53

11.95

0.26

2.43E−06

4

POI_den_transport > 1382.534 (p79)

rate_local3 > 0.530 (p71)

24.57

0.54

11.70

0.26

1.18E−05

5

POI_den_edu > 611.274 (p81)

rate_local3 > 0.558 (p74)

21.47

0.51

10.87

0.26

2.04E−05

(g) Rules for wave-4 local case rate; POI density was used

 
 

Antecedent

Consequent

Supp

Conf

Lev

Imp

P

1

POI_den_transport > 904.959 (p71)

rate_local4 > 0.726 (p73)

36.27

0.60

19.27

0.32

1.95E−14

2

POI_den_mall_mkt > 208.752 (p73)

rate_local4 > 0.753 (p74)

34.64

0.58

19.11

0.32

1.82E−11

3

POI_den_sports > 598.644 (p72)

rate_local4 > 0.751 (p74)

34.76

0.58

19.11

0.32

9.18E−12

4

POI_den_telecom_elec > 374.340 (p72)

rate_local4 > 0.741 (p74)

34.54

0.58

18.63

0.31

9.93E−12

5

POI_den_edu > 1372.584 (p94)

rate_local4 > 0.751 (p74)

10.59

0.79

7.09

0.53

5.28E−07

(h) Rules for average waiting period; POI accessibility was used

 
 

Antecedent

Consequent

Supp

Conf

Lev

Imp

P

1

POI_pp_transport > 39.683 (p60)

ave_waiting_period > 5.790 (p75)

22.98

0.34

9.81

0.14

6.65E−05

2

POI_pp_telecom_elec > 15.395 (p57)

ave_waiting_period > 5.765 (p74)

24.76

0.33

9.65

0.13

7.16E−05

3

POI_pp_mall_mkt > 8.676 (p64)

ave_waiting_period > 5.822 (p75)

20.26

0.33

8.90

0.14

0.0001

4

med_area_home > 17.644 (p50)

ave_waiting_period > 5.807 (p75)

26.33

0.29

8.89

0.10

1.14E−05

5

med_income > 19,979.413 (p60)

ave_waiting_period > 5.751 (p74)

21.18

0.33

8.39

0.13

9.48E−05

6

POI_pp_sports > 29.352 (p65)

ave_waiting_period > 6.163 (p81)

16.16

0.27

8.26

0.14

1.53E−07

7

POI_pp_edu > 14.015 (p63)

ave_waiting_period > 5.788 (p75)

20.68

0.31

7.75

0.12

0.0002

(i) Rules for median waiting period; POI accessibility was used

 
 

Antecedent

Consequent

Supp

Conf

Lev

Imp

P

1

med_area_home > 18.602 (p52)

med_waiting_period > 4.392 (p67)

31.27

0.38

10.07

0.12

0.0002

2

med_income > 19,680.813 (p60)

med_waiting_period > 5.030 (p82)

17.80

0.27

7.39

0.11

0.0002

3

build_area_pp > 57.721 (p46)

med_waiting_period > 5.317 (p82)

19.22

0.18

6.54

0.06

0.0002

  1. For clarity, the antecedent and consequent of each rule are put in separate columns. For example, rule 1 in Table 2a is “prop_higher_edu > 0.361 (p85) → rate_local12 > 0.143 (p86)”, where p85 means the 85th percentile of the variable among the 214 TPU-level areal units in Hong Kong. Variables in the rules are described in Table 1. Rules are shown together with the values of four RIMs: support (supp), confidence (conf), leverage (lev), and improvement (imp). P is the P value of each rule in the chi-square test described in the Methods. The full sets of resultant rules are shown in Table S2 in Additional File 1