From: Intestinal parasites in stool testing among refugees at a primary care clinic in Toronto, Canada
Protozoans | Helminths | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative n = 642 | Clinically less significanta n = 375 | Clinically significant pathogenb n = 25 | Clinically significant pathogens vs. negative and less significant protozoans | Negative n = 997 | Positive n = 44 | Positive vs. negative | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | |
Sex | |||||||
Male | 305 (57.3) | 216 (40.6) | 11 (2.1) | 1 | 502 (94.4) | 30 (5.6) | 1 |
Female | 337 (66.1) | 159 (31.1) | 14 (2.8) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 496 (97.3) | 14 (2.7) | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) |
Age | |||||||
0–9 | 98 (72.6) | 30 (22.2) | 7 (5.2) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 131 (97.0) | 4 (3.0) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) |
10–19 | 55 (75.0) | 15 (20.5) | 3 (4.1) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 69 (94.5) | 4 (5.5) | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) |
20–29 | 150 (56.6) | 107 (40.4) | 8 (3.0) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 252 (95.1) | 13 (4.9) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) |
30–39 | 199 (58.5) | 139 (40.9) | 2 (0.6) | 1 | 327 (96.2) | 13 (3.8) | 1 |
40–49 | 96 (60.4) | 61 (38.4) | 2 (1.3) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 150 (94.3) | 9 (5.7) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) |
50–59 | 29 (60.4) | 17 (35.4) | 2 (4.2) | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 47 (97.9) | 1 (2.1) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) |
60–69 | 14 (73.3) | 4 (21.1) | 1 (5.3) | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 19 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) |
70+ | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.99 (0.84–1.18) | 3 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 0.96 (0.77–1.21) |
Region of birthd | |||||||
East Asia & Pacific | 60 (87.0) | 8 (11.6) | 1 (1.4) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 64 (92.8) | 5 (7.2) | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) |
Europe & Central Asia | 31 (83.8) | 5 (13.5) | 1 (2.7) | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 37 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) |
Latin America & Caribbean | 49 (57.0) | 33 (38.4) | 4 (4.7) | 1.04 (1.00–1.07) | 84 (97.7) | 2 (2.3) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) |
Middle East & North Africa | 63 (58.9) | 38 (35.5) | 6 (5.6) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 107 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) |
North America | 2 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.99 (0.80–1.22) | 2 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) |
South Asia | 38 (50.0) | 31 (40.8) | 7 (9.2) | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | 73 (96.1) | 3 (3.9) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 398 (59.9) | 260 (39.2) | 6 (0.9) | 1 | 631 (94.9) | 34 (5.1) | 1 |
Region of origind | |||||||
East Asia & Pacific | 65 (86.7) | 9 (12.0) | 1 (1.3) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 70 (93.3) | 5 (6.7) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) |
Europe & Central Asia | 74 (71.8) | 28 (27.2) | 1 (1.0) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 103 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) |
Latin America & Caribbean | 47 (56.0) | 34 (40.5) | 3 (3.6) | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | 82 (97.6) | 2 (2.4) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) |
Middle East & North Africa | 43 (52.4) | 33 (40.2) | 6 (7.3) | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) | 81 (98.8) | 1 (1.2) | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) |
North America | 64 (61.5) | 36 (34.6) | 4 (3.8) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 99 (95.2) | 5 (4.8) | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) |
South Asia | 17 (45.9) | 16 (43.2) | 4 (10.8) | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) | 36 (97.3) | 1 (2.7) | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 332 (59.7) | 218 (39.2) | 6 (1.1) | 1 | 526 (94.6) | 30 (5.4) | 1 |
Refugee category | |||||||
Refugee claimant | 599 (62.0) | 347 (35.9) | 20 (2.1) | 1 | 922 (95.4) | 44 (4.6) | 1 |
Otherc | 43 (57.3) | 27 (36.0) | 5 (6.7) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 75 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 0.96 (0.91–1.00) |
Region of origin same as region of birthd | 510 (61.4) | 300 (36.1) | 21 (2.5) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 793 (95.4) | 38 (4.6) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
Country of origin same as country of birthd | 351 (58.1) | 238 (39.4) | 15 (2.5) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 575 (95.2) | 29 (4.8) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) |
Level of educatione | |||||||
Children ≤ 18 years | 148 (74.4) | 41 (20.6) | 10 (5.0) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 191 (96.0) | 8 (4.0) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) |
None | 7 (58.3) | 4 (33.3) | 1 (8.3) | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 12 (100) | 0 (0.0) | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) |
Less than high school | 86 (61.8) | 49 (35.3) | 4 (2.9) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 136 (97.8) | 3 (2.2) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) |
Graduated high school | 167 (67.9) | 76 (30.9) | 3 (1.2) | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 234 (95.1) | 12 (4.9) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) |
Some or completed university/post-secondary | 222 (52.1) | 197 (46.2) | 7 (1.6) | 1 | 405 (95.1) | 21 (4.9) | 1 |
Underweight BMIf | 19 (65.5) | 8 (27.6) | 2 (6.9) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 27 (93.1) | 2 (6.9) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) |
Anemiag | 92 (64.8) | 49 (34.5) | 1 (0.7) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 138 (97.2) | 4 (2.8) | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) |
Eosinophil counth | |||||||
< 0.5 | 583 (62.2) | 335 (35.7) | 20 (2.1) | 1 | 908 (96.8) | 30 (3.2) | 1 |
0.5–1.5 | 52 (60.5) | 30 (34.9) | 4 (4.7) | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | 74 (86.0) | 12 (14.0) | 1.11 (1.07–1.16) |
> 1.5 | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.98 (0.87–1.1) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (28.6) | 1.29 (1.11–1.49) |
Pregnanti | 58 (68.2) | 25 (29.4) | 2 (2.4) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 81 (95.3) | 4 (4.7) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) |