Table 2 Measurement of variables and other factors
Mean | S/D | Frequency | Association with Intention to get COVID-19 vaccination | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strongly disagree | Disagree | Not sure | Agree | Strongly agree | Spearman's rho | P | |||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||||
Dependent variables | |||||||||||||||
Intention | I intend to have COVID-19 vaccination | 3.83 | ± 1.41 | 63 | 11% | 39 | 7% | 106 | 19% | 62 | 11% | 282 | 51% | ||
PMT variables and other factors | |||||||||||||||
Severity | COVID-19 can be a life-threatening illness | 3.82 | ± 1.47 | 78 | 14% | 39 | 7% | 68 | 12% | 82 | 15% | 285 | 52% | 0.120 | < 0.05 |
Susceptibility | The risk for me to catch COVID-19 is high | 2.49 | ± 1.24 | 146 | 26% | 146 | 26% | 158 | 29% | 48 | 9% | 54 | 10% | 0.148 | < 0.001 |
Maladaptive response rewards (Cronbach’s alpha 0.701) | If I do not get a COVID-19 vaccination, I will not have to worry about the safety of the vaccine | 2.63 | ± 1.35 | 154 | 28% | 102 | 18% | 168 | 30% | 50 | 9% | 78 | 14% | − 0.215 | < 0.001 |
If I do not get a COVID-19 vaccination, I will not have to spend time getting vaccinated | 2.04 | ± 1.17 | 252 | 46% | 114 | 21% | 131 | 24% | 24 | 4% | 31 | 6% | − 0.173 | < 0.001 | |
If I do not get a COVID-19 vaccination, I will not have to spend money getting vaccinated | 1.72 | ± 1.10 | 337 | 61% | 96 | 17% | 78 | 14% | 16 | 3% | 25 | 5% | − 0.610 | 0.154 | |
Self-efficacy (Cronbach's alpha = 0.865) | I am confident about my ability to make an informed decision about COVID-19 vaccination | 4.12 | ± 1.08 | 19 | 3% | 25 | 5% | 99 | 18% | 133 | 24% | 276 | 50% | 0.468 | < 0.001 |
I have the necessary information to decide whether to vaccinate against COVID-19 vaccination | 4.01 | ± 1.14 | 26 | 5% | 32 | 6% | 105 | 19% | 135 | 24% | 254 | 46% | 0.464 | < 0.001 | |
I know how to register to get COVID-19 vaccination | 4.41 | ± 1.02 | 23 | 4% | 11 | 2% | 47 | 9% | 109 | 20% | 362 | 66% | 0.442 | < 0.001 | |
I am able to make arrangement to get COVID-19 vaccination | 4.14 | ± 1.22 | 36 | 7% | 31 | 6% | 65 | 12% | 107 | 19% | 313 | 57% | 0.613 | < 0.001 | |
Response efficacy (Cronbach's alpha = 0.921) | Having a COVID-19 vaccination would help reduce the symptoms if ever I contracted the disease | 3.68 | ± 1.22 | 47 | 9% | 42 | 8% | 116 | 21% | 180 | 33% | 167 | 30% | 0.357 | < 0.001 |
Having a COVID-19 vaccination would help reduce the severity of symptoms if ever I contracted the disease | 3.76 | ± 1.17 | 38 | 7% | 38 | 7% | 118 | 21% | 185 | 34% | 173 | 31% | 0.358 | < 0.001 | |
Having a COVID-19 vaccination would help reduce the risk of death if ever I contracted the disease | 3.72 | ± 1.2 | 43 | 8% | 42 | 8% | 114 | 21% | 182 | 33% | 171 | 31% | 0.371 | < 0.001 | |
Response cost | It is likely that I will have serious side-effects that I cannot bear from COVID-19 vaccination | 3.07 | ± 1.22 | 71 | 13% | 97 | 18% | 187 | 34% | 116 | 21% | 81 | 15% | − 0.235 | < 0.001 |
Social attitudes (Cronbach's alpha = 0.870) | Getting COVID-19 vaccination helps to reduce the risk of my family contracting COVID-19 | 3.88 | ± 1.14 | 27 | 5% | 35 | 6% | 128 | 23% | 152 | 28% | 210 | 38% | 0.511 | < 0.001 |
Getting COVID-19 vaccination helps to prevent the diffusion of COVID-19 in the community | 4.09 | ± 1.06 | 20 | 4% | 26 | 5% | 90 | 16% | 166 | 30% | 250 | 45% | 0.510 | < 0.001 | |
Social norm (Cronbach's alpha = 0.725) | I consider getting COVID-19 vaccination a social responsibility | 3.99 | 1.17 | 28 | 5% | 31 | 6% | 119 | 22% | 114 | 21% | 260 | 47% | 0.655 | < 0.001 |
People I know have already received COVID-19 vaccination | 4.16 | 1.08 | 18 | 3% | 30 | 5% | 86 | 16% | 127 | 23% | 291 | 53% | 0.319 | < 0.001 | |
Most people I know would expect me to get COVID-19 vaccination | 3.47 | ± 1.28 | 53 | 10% | 65 | 12% | 164 | 30% | 110 | 20% | 160 | 29% | 0.508 | < 0.001 | |
Past experience | I have bad experiences with other types of vaccines before | 1.71 | ± 1.15 | 361 | 65% | 72 | 13% | 65 | 12% | 28 | 5% | 26 | 5% | − 0.150 | < 0.001 |
Information seeking behaviour (Cronbach's alpha = 0.673) | I have actively sought information about COVID-19 vaccination | 3.48 | ± 1.26 | 50 | 9% | 65 | 12% | 158 | 29% | 128 | 23% | 151 | 27% | 0.379 | < 0.001 |
I rely on the government (such as the Health Bureau) for accurate information about COVID-19 vaccination | 3.68 | ± 1.27 | 50 | 9% | 43 | 8% | 132 | 24% | 135 | 24% | 192 | 35% | 0.279 | < 0.001 | |
I rely on healthcare professionals (such as doctors, pharmacists, nurses) for accurate information about COVID-19 vaccination | 3.19 | ± 1.37 | 88 | 16% | 81 | 15% | 150 | 27% | 104 | 19% | 129 | 23% | 0.287 | < 0.001 | |
I rely on online sources (such as internet, social media) for accurate information about COVID-19 vaccination | 3.68 | ± 1.15 | 34 | 6% | 40 | 7% | 156 | 28% | 161 | 29% | 161 | 29% | 0.147 | < 0.001 | |
I rely on my family and friends for accurate information about COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination | 2.73 | ± 1.27 | 123 | 22% | 107 | 19% | 179 | 32% | 82 | 15% | 61 | 11% | 0.085 | < 0.05 | |
Facilitating factors (Cronbach's alpha = 0.835) | I might have a stronger intention to take COVID-19 vaccination if people I know have done so | 3.42 | ± 1.35 | 74 | 13% | 56 | 10% | 143 | 26% | 122 | 22% | 157 | 28% | 0.376 | < 0.001 |
I might have a stronger intention to take COVID-19 vaccination if that somehow helps to lift travel restrictions | 3.91 | ± 1.3 | 49 | 9% | 36 | 7% | 92 | 17% | 115 | 21% | 260 | 47% | 0.423 | < 0.001 | |
I might have a stronger intention to take COVID-19 vaccination if there is a rewarding system such as time off from work | 3.37 | ± 1.49 | 102 | 18% | 54 | 10% | 121 | 22% | 86 | 16% | 189 | 34% | 0.358 | < 0.001 | |
I might have a stronger intention to take COVID-19 vaccination if there is financial incentive | 3.07 | ± 1.52 | 135 | 24% | 62 | 11% | 134 | 24% | 68 | 12% | 153 | 28% | 0.265 | < 0.001 | |