Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of participants by different population groups

Age (years) (\(mean\pm SD)\)

35.89 \(\pm\) 9.33

22.47 \(\pm\) 3.13

29.73 \(\pm\) 7.78

37.52 \(\pm\) 9.03

33.02 \(\pm\) 9.90

Gender, n (%)

 Male

732 (27.6)

334 (44.4)

193 (44.5)

150 (39.1)

1409 (33.3)

 Female

1924 (72.4)

419 (55.6)

241 (55.5)

234 (60.9)

2818 (66.7)

Ethnicity, n (%)

 Han

2339 (88.1)

654 (86.9)

415 (95.6)

357 (93.0)

3765 (89.1)

 Other

317 (11.9)

99 (13.1)

19 (4.4)

27 (7.0)

462 (10.9)

Residence place, n (%)

 Urban

2408 (90.7)

496 (65.9)

355 (81.8)

361 (94.0)

3620 (85.6)

 Rural

248 (9.3)

257(34.1)

79 (18.2)

23 (6.0)

607 (14.4)

Marital status, n (%)

 Single

667 (25.1)

721 (95.8)

263 (60.6)

93 (24.2)

1744 (41.3)

 Married

1927 (72.6)

27 (3.6)

165 (38.0)

285 (74.2)

2404 (56.9)

 Others

62 (2.3)

5 (0.7)

6 (1.4)

6 (1.6)

79 (1.9)

Education level, n (%)

  ≤ High school

160 (6.0)

25 (3.3)

53 (12.2)

22 (5.7)

260 (6.2)

 College and above

2496 (94.0)

728 (96.7)

381 (87.8)

362 (94.3)

3967 (93.8)

Household income (past 1 year), n (%)

  ≤ 40,000 Yuan

431 (16.2)

256 (34.0)

84 (19.4)

43 (11.2)

814 (19.3)

 50,000–100,000 Yuan

1233 (46.4)

285 (37.8)

185 (42.6)

132 (34.4)

1835 (43.4)

 110,000–350,000 Yuan

920 (34.6)

178 (23.6)

137 (31.6)

193 (50.3)

1428 (33.8)

  > 350,000 Yuan

72 (2.7)

34 (4.5)

28 (6.5)

16 (4.2)

150 (3.5)

Ever smoking, n (%)

 No

2369 (89.2)

679 (90.2)

347 (80.0)

339 (88.3)

3734 (88.3)

 Yes

287 (10.8)

74 (9.8)

87 (20.0)

45 (11.7)

493 (11.7)

Ever drinking, n (%)

 No

2276 (85.7)

668 (88.7)

329 (75.8)

303 (78.9)

3576 (84.6)

 Yes

380 (14.3)

85 (11.3)

105 (24.2)

81 (21.1)

651 (15.4)

COVID-19 test results, n (%)

 Positive

12 (0.5)

19 (2.5)

6 (1.4)

2 (0.5)

39 (0.9)

 Negative

2056 (77.4)

438 (58.2)

272 (62.7)

332 (86.5)

3098 (73.3)

 Haven’t tested

588 (22.1)

296 (39.3)

156 (35.9)

50 (13.0)

1090 (25.8)