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Table 3 Clinical risk factors associated with the death of patients with COVID-19

From: “H” is not for hydroxychloroquine—“H” is for heparin: lack of efficacy of hydroxychloroquine and the role of heparin in COVID-19—preliminary data of a prospective and interventional study from Brazil

Clinical features

β-value

Hazard ratio

Confidence interval (95%)

p value

Gender

0.028

1.028

0.656–1.612

0.904

Age ≥ 60 years

1.289

3.628

2.208–5.960

 < 0.001

Mechanical ventilation

0.778

2.176

1.386–3.419

0.001

Comorbidities

0.101

1.106

0.507–2.414

0.801

Comorbidities (≥ 2)

0.605

1.832

1.003–3.346

0.049

Heparin (no use)

1.282

3.606

1.632–7.966

0.002

Deep Venous thromboembolism

0.015

1.015

0.141–7.328

0.988

Pulmonary involvement > 50%

0.263

1.301

0.704–2.404

0.400

Hydroxychloroquine use

0.073

1.076

0.669–1.730

0.762

Asymptomatic

− 0.427

0.652

0.262–1.623

0.358

Gastrointestinal symptoms

0.796

2.217

0.893–5.507

0.086

Cardiovascular disease

0.563

1.757

0.871–3.544

0.116

Liver Disease

1.143

3.137

0.755–13.042

0.116

Chronic kidney disease

0.473

1.605

0.822–3.135

0.166

Asthma

− 3.058

0.047

0.001–19.973

0.322

COPD

0.349

1.418

0.444–4.530

0.556

Smoking

0.458

1.581

0.577–4.335

0.373

Diabetes

− 0.011

0.989

0.627–1.560

0.962

Obesity

0.061

1.063

0.618–1.826

0.826

Systemic arterial hypertension

0.447

1.564

0.992–2.466

0.054

Cancer

0.367

1.443

0.848–2.458

0.177

Oseltamivir

0.280

1.323

0.767–2.283

0.314

Corticosteroids

− 0.268

0.765

0.399–1.465

0.419

Azithromycin

0.125

1.133

0.596–2.156

0.703

Intensive Care Unit (ICU)

2.103

8.194

2.001–33.553

0.003

  1. Univariate analysis for death in patients with COVID-19 by Cox Regression or Proportional Risk Model