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Table 3 Risk factors for bacterial co-infections in SARS-CoV-2 community-acquired pneumonia

From: Bacterial co-infections in community-acquired pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus

 

No co-infection (n = 1197)

Co-infection (n = 46)

OR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)a

Baseline characteristics

 Male sex, n (%)

776 (65)

29 (63)

0.93 (0.51–1.74)

 Age, median (IQR), years

62 (52–73)

70 (51–78)

 ≥ 65, n (%)

493 (41)

27 (59)

2.03 (1.12–3.74)

 CCI, median (IQR), points

1 (0–2)

1 (1–3)

 0–1, n (%)

843 (70)

28 (61)

Ref

 2–4, n (%)

281 (23)

10 (22)

1.07 (0.49–2.16)

 ≥ 5, n (%)

73 (6)

8 (17)

3.30 (1.36–7.19)

 Specific comorbidities

  Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

323 (27)

15 (33)

1.31 (0.68–2.42)

  Hypertension, n (%)

539 (45)

26 (57)

1.59 (0.88–2.91)

  Chronic cardiac disease, n (%)

351 (29)

24 (52)

2.63 (1.45–4.78)

  Chronic respiratory disease, n (%)

422 (35)

22 (48)

1.68 (0.93–3.04)

  Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

80 (7)

6 (13)

2.09 (0.78–4.74)

  Malignancy, n (%)

103 (9)

7 (15)

1.91 (0.76–4.12)

  Immunosuppression, n (%)

179 (15)

13 (28)

2.24 (1.12–4.24)

  Any of the comorbidities above, n (%)

868 (73)

43 (93)

5.44 (1.96–22.52)

Severity scores

 CRB-65, median (IQR), points

1 (0–2)

1 (1–2)

  3–4

111 (9)

10 (22)

2.72 (1.25–5.43)

Admission values

 CRP, median (IQR), mg/Lb

97 (50–167)

121 (93–173)

  < 50

289 (24)

3 (7)

Ref

Ref

 50–149

574 (46)

28 (61)

4.93 (1.73–20.74)

4.82 (1.68–20.34)

 ≥ 150

360 (30)

15 (33)

4.01 (1.31–17.45)

3.92 (1.27–17.11)

 WBC, median (IQR), 109 cells/Lc

6.9 (5.2–9.4)

9.6 (7.1–13.4)

 ≤ 8.8

851 (71)

22 (48)

Ref

Ref

 8.9–12.0

213 (18)

8 (17)

1.45 (0.60–3.18)

1.34 (0.55–2.97)

 > 12.0

132 (11)

16 (35)

4.69 (2.36–9.11)

4.27 (2.12–8.42)

 Procalcitonin, median (IQR), μg/Ld

0.17 (0.10–0.40)

0.89 (0.15–6.50)

 < 0.50

819 (79)

19 (46)

Ref

Ref

 0.50–1.99

156 (15)

9 (22)

2.49 (1.05–5.45)

2.28 (0.96–5.06)

 ≥ 2.00

61 (6)

13 (32)

9.19 (4.25–19.36)

8.01 (3.46–18.06)

 NLR, median (IQR), ratioe

4.7 (2.9–8.1)

6.6 (4.4–10.5)

  10.0

893 (84)

28 (68)

Ref

Ref

 10.1–20.0

146 (14)

8 (20)

1.75 (0.73–3.74)

1.49 (0.61–3.25)

 > 20.0

29 (3)

5 (12)

5.50 (1.77–14.22)

4.90 (1.53–13.15)

  1. aOR, Adjusted odds ratio; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CI, Confidence interval; CRB-65, Confusion-Respiration-Blood pressure > 65 years; CRP, C-reactive protein; NLR, Neutrophil–Lymphocyte ratio; OR, Odds ratio; Ref, Reference; WBC, White blood cell count
  2. aAdjusted for age-category, CCI-category and CRB-65 category
  3. bNo admission value recorded for 1 health care episode
  4. cNo admission value recorded for 1 health care episode
  5. dNo admission value recorded for 166 health care episodes
  6. eNo admission value recorded for 134 health care episodes