Table 2 Potential risk factors on socio-demographic and lifestyle factors associated with IgM + seropositivity of Leptospira infections in the refugee population (univariate analysis; N = 433); *significant at 0.05
Factors | % | 95% CL | OR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic factors | ||||
 Sex* | ||||
  Female (n = 210) | 27.1 | 23.3–31.3 | 1.873 (1.175, 2.984) | 0.008 |
  Male (n = 223) | 16.6 | 13.4–20.3 | 1.000 |  |
 Age | ||||
  < 12 (n = 151) | 20.5 | 14.4–28.1 | 1.172 (0.657, 2.094) | 0.191 |
  12–18 (n = 138) | 26.8 | 20.1–34.5 | 1.663 (0.943, 2.933) |  |
  > 18 (n = 144) | 18.1 | 12.4–25.3 | 1.000 |  |
 Ethnicity* | ||||
  Rohingya (n = 107) | 40.2 | 33.2–47.4 | 4.507 (2.530, 8.028) |  < 0.00001 |
  Pakistan (n = 34) | 29.4 | 17.7–44.2 | 2.795 (1.191, 6.561) |  |
  Chin (n = 25) | 24.0 | 11.0–43.9 | 2.118 (0.769, 5.834) |  |
  Rakhine (n = 63) | 17.5 | 10.4–27.4 | 1.419 (0.651, 3.093) |  |
  Kachin (n = 185) | 13.0 | 7.5–20.5 | 1.000 |  |
  Syrian (n = 19) | 0.0 | 0.0–17.6 |  |  |
 Education attainment | ||||
  No (n = 38) | 31.6 | 18.7–47.3 | 1.762 (0.852, 3.641) | 0.138 |
  Yes (n = 395) | 20.8 | 16.2–26.1 | 1.000 |  |
 Accommodation type | ||||
  Squatter (n = 26) | 23.1 | 10.6–42.2 | 1.159 (0.435, 3.093) | 0.884 |
  Housing area (n = 227) | 22.5 | 18.8–26.6 | 1.120 (0.695, 1.805) |  |
  Shop houses (n = 180) | 20.6 | 13.8–28.9 | 1.000 |  |
Lifestyle factors | ||||
 Eating by hand* | ||||
  Yes (n = 281) | 26.3 | 22.0–31.1 | 2.359 (1.375, 4.049) | 0.001 |
  No (n = 152) | 13.2 | 8.2–19.9 | 1.000 |  |
 Drinking water sources | ||||
  Filter (n = 267) | 24.7 | 20.7–29.3 | 1.618 (0.989, 2.648) | 0.051 |
  Boil (n = 166) | 16.9 | 11.1–24.7 | 1.000 |  |
 Proper waste disposal area | ||||
  Yes (n = 359) | 22.6 | 18.1–27.8 | 1.367 (0.715, 2.613) | 0.868 |
  No (n = 74) | 17.6 | 10.1–28.4 | 1.000 |  |
 Frequency of handwashing | ||||
  < 3 times (n = 39) | 20.5 | 10.3–36.3 | 1.010 (0.435, 2.344) | 0.161 |
  3–5 (n = 168) | 23.8 | 16.9–32.3 | 1.223 (0.756, 1.977) |  |
  > 5 times (n = 226) | 20.4 | 16.8–24.3 | 1.000 |  |
 Pet ownership* | ||||
  Yes (n = 254) | 26.4 | 22.3–30.9 | 2.017 (1.229, 3.310) | 0.004 |
  No (n = 179) | 15.1 | 9.3–22.9 | 1.000 |  |