Table 27 Complications and clinical progress according to the  use of antibiotic therapy
From: Inadequate use of antibiotics in the covid-19 era: effectiveness of antibiotic therapy
|  | Total (n = 13,932) | No. (%) | With antibiotics n = 12,238 (%) | Without antibiotics n = 1498 (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial pneumonia | 13,673 | 1481 (10.8) | 1441 (11.8) | 40 (2.7) | 4.85 (3.52–6.67) | < 0.001 |
ARDS | ||||||
 No | 13,650 | 9190 (67.3) | 7955 (65.4) | 1235 (83.3) | 1 (ref.) | – |
 Mild | 1093 (8.0) | 1033 (8.5) | 60 (4.1) | 2.67 (2.05–3.49) | < 0.001 | |
 Moderate | 967 (7.1) | 927 (7.6) | 40 (2.7) | 3.60 (2.61–4.97) | < 0.001 | |
 Severe | 2400 (17.6) | 2252 (18.5) | 149 (10.0) | 2.36 (1.98–2.82) | < 0.001 | |
Acute heart failure | 13,677 | 782 (5.7) | 716 (5.9) | 66 (4.4) | 1.34 (1.04–1.74) | 0.025 |
Arrhythmia | 13,669 | 532 (3.9) | 508 (4.2) | 24 (1.6) | 2.65 (1.75–4.01) | < 0.001 |
Epileptic seizures | 13,680 | 81 (0.6) | 74 (0.6) | 7 (0.5) | 1.29 (0.59–2.81) | 0.52 |
Stroke | 13,672 | 91 (0.7) | 82 (0.7) | 9 (0.6) | 1.11 (0.56–2.22) | 0.76 |
Acute kidney failure | 13,673 | 1897 (13.9) | 1757 (14.4) | 140 (9.4) | 1.62 (1.35–1.94) | < 0.001 |
Sepsis | 13,667 | 822 (6.0) | 780 (6.4) | 42 (2.8) | 2.35 (1.72–3.23) | < 0.001 |
Shock | 13,656 | 605 (4.4) | 582 (4.8) | 23 (1.6) | 3.19 (2.10–4.86) | < 0.001 |
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | 13,655 | 155 (1.1) | 145 (1.2) | 10 (0.7) | 1.78 (0.94–3.39) | 0.08 |
High-flow nasal cannula | 13,635 | 1089 (8.0) | 1027 (8.5) | 62 (4.2) | 2.11 (1.63–2.75) | < 0.001 |
Non-invasive mechanical ventilation | 13,692 | 668 (4.9) | 642 (5.3) | 26 (1.7) | 3.13 (2.11–4.66) | < 0.001 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation | 13,696 | 874 (6.4) | 848 (7.0) | 26 (1.7) | 4.21 (2.84–6.25) | < 0.001 |
Prone positioning | 13,676 | 1361 (10.0) | 1316 (10.8) | 45 (3.0) | 3.89 (2.87–5.26) | < 0.001 |
Intensive care unit admission | 13,727 | 1095 (8.0) | 1057 (8.6) | 38 (2.5) | 3.63 (2.62–5.04) | < 0.001 |
Death during hospitalization | 13,736 | 2840 (20.7) | 2597 (21.2) | 243 (16.2) | 1.39 (1.20–1.61) | < 0.001 |
Death during hospitalization and during readmission | 13,549 | 2906 (21.5) | 2653 (22.0) | 253 (17.0) | 1.37 (1.19–1.58) | < 0.001 |