Table 13 Use of antibiotic therapy according to initial clinical condition
From: Inadequate use of antibiotics in the covid-19 era: effectiveness of antibiotic therapy
|  | Total (n = 13,932) | No. (%) | With antibiotics n = 12,238 (%) | Without antibiotics n = 1498 (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symptoms | |||||
 Time from onset of symptoms, median (IQR) | 13,576 | 6 (3–9) | 7 (4–9) | 6 (2–8) | < 0.001 |
 Fever | |||||
  No (< 37 °C) | 13,692 | 2137 (15.6) | 1778 (14.6) | 359 (24.0) | < 0.001 |
  Low-grade fever (37–37.9 °C) | 2865 (20.9) | 2487 (20.4) | 378 (25.3) | ||
  Fever (> 38 °C) | 8690 (63.5) | 7932 (65.0) | 758 (50.7) | ||
 Shortness of breath | 13,677 | 7879 (57.6) | 7182 (58.9) | 697 (46.8) | < 0.001 |
 Sore throat | 13,504 | 1294 (9.6) | 1137 (9.5) | 157 (10.6) | 0.16 |
 Cough | |||||
  No | 13,689 | 3600 (26.3) | 3106 (25.5) | 494 (33.1) | < 0.001 |
 Dry | 7957 (58.1) | 7132 (58.5) | 825 (55.3) | ||
  Productive | 2132 (15.6) | 1958 (16.1) | 174 (11.7) | ||
 Arthralgia | 13,568 | 4073 (30.0) | 3695 (30.6) | 378 (25.6) | < 0.001 |
 Fatigue | 13,533 | 5875 (43.4) | 5346 (44.4) | 529 (35.7) | < 0.001 |
 Anorexia | 13,471 | 2634 (19.6) | 2415 (20.1) | 219 (14.8) | < 0.001 |
 Ageusia | 13,352 | 1002 (7.5) | 910 (7.7) | 92 (6.3) | 0.06 |
 Anosmia | 13,345 | 892 (6.7) | 804 (6.8) | 88 (6.0) | 0.27 |
 Headache | 13,516 | 1531 (11.3) | 1364 (11.3) | 167 (11.3) | 0.97 |
 Nausea | 13,460 | 1648 (12.2) | 1499 (12.5) | 149 (10.2) | 0.011 |
 Vomiting | 13,572 | 992 (7.3) | 906 (7.5) | 86 (5.8) | 0.020 |
 Diarrhea | 13,617 | 3174 (23.3) | 2885 (23.8) | 289 (19.5) | < 0.001 |
 Abdominal pain | 13,566 | 867 (6.4) | 776 (6.4) | 91 (6.2) | 0.70 |
Vital signs | |||||
 Confusion | 13,576 | 1614 (11.9) | 1451 (12.0) | 163 (11.1) | 0.33 |
 Temperature | |||||
  Fever (> 38 °C) | 13,254 | 2105 (15.9) | 1911 (16.1) | 194 (13.7) | 0.019 |
  Median (IQR) °C | 37.0 (36.4–37.8) | 37.0 (36.4–37.8) | 36.8 (36.3–37.7) | < 0.001 | |
 Oxygen saturation % | |||||
  < 90% | 13,316 | 2987 (22.4) | 2783 (23.4) | 204 (14.3) | < 0.001 |
  Median (IQR) SatO2% | 94 (91–97) | 94 (91–96) | 96 (93–97) | < 0.001 | |
 Tachypnea (> 20 breaths/min) | 13,360 | 4,126 (30.9) | 3772 (31.7) | 354 (24.4) | < 0.001 |
 Heart rate | |||||
  Tachycardia (> 100 beats/min) | 13,254 | 2965 (22.4) | 2681 (22.6) | 284 (20.2) | 0.035 |
  Median (IQR) | 87 (76–100) | 87 (77–100) | 85 (74–98) | < 0.001 | |
 SBP, median (IQR) mmHg | 13,093 | 127 (114–141) | 127 (114–141) | 128 (115–140) | 0.20 |
 DBP, median (IQR) mmHg |  | 73 (65–81) | 73 (65–81) | 74 (65–82) | 0.67 |
 Lung auscultation | |||||
  Crackles | 13,357 | 7029 (52.6) | 6434 (54.0) | 595 (41.3) | < 0.001 |
  Wheezing | 13,353 | 811 (6.1) | 725 (6.1) | 86 (6.0) | 0.86 |
  Rhonchi | 13,344 | 1442 (10.8) | 1319 (11.1) | 123 (8.5) | 0.003 |