Table 1 Bivariable analysis comparing each of the selected subgroups to study arm
Demographics | Treated with oseltamivir | Not treated with oseltamivir | p-value | q-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 343 | n = 348 | |||
n (%) | n (%) | |||
Age group 18–49 years | 57 (16.6) | 67 (19.3) | 0.422 | 1.000 |
Age group 18–49 years | 136 (39.7) | 116 (33.3) | 0.100 | 1.000 |
Age group 65–74 years | 84 (24.5) | 70 (20.1) | 0.197 | 1.000 |
Age group ≥ 75 years | 66 (19.2) | 95 (27.3) | 0.016 | 1.000 |
Male gender | 202 (58.9) | 196 (56.3) | 0.305 | 1.000 |
Nursing home resident | 17 (5.0) | 19 (5.5) | 0.899 | 1.000 |
Signs and symptoms | ||||
Cough | 330 (96.2) | 325 (93.4) | 0.135 | 1.000 |
Fever | 145 (42.3) | 146 (42.0) | 0.994 | 1.000 |
Elevated white blood cell count | 227 (66.2) | 231 (66.4) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Past medical and social history | ||||
Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 134 (39.1) | 136 (39.1) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Active cancer | 46 (13.4) | 56 (16.1) | 0.376 | 1.000 |
Congestive heart failure | 88 (25.7) | 102 (29.3) | 0.322 | 1.000 |
Cerebrovascular accident | 43 (12.5) | 35 (10.1) | 0.363 | 1.000 |
Renal disease | 63 (18.4) | 62 (17.8) | 0.929 | 1.000 |
Liver disease | 23 (6.7) | 27 (7.8) | 0.698 | 1.000 |
Chronic renal failure | 51 (14.9) | 48 (13.8) | 0.768 | 1.000 |
Neurologic disease | 83 (24.2) | 78 (22.4) | 0.642 | 1.000 |
Diabetes mellitus | 120 (35.0) | 131 (37.6) | 0.517 | 1.000 |
History of community acquired pneumonia | 62 (18.1) | 57 (16.4) | 0.624 | 1.000 |
Suspicion of aspiration | 14 (4.1) | 6 (1.7) | 0.105 | 1.000 |
Cirrhosis | 4 (1.2) | 5 (1.4) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Alcoholism | 8 (2.3) | 9 (2.6) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
History of COPD | 200 (58.3) | 210 (60.3) | 0.640 | 1.000 |
Hospitalized ≥ 2 days in the prior 90 days | 99 (28.9) | 114 (32.8) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
IV antibiotics in the past 90 days | 88 (25.7) | 89 (25.6) | 0.311 | 1.000 |
Home infusion therapy | 11 (3.2) | 6 (1.7) | 0.807 | 1.000 |
Home wound care | 13 (3.8) | 11 (3.2) | 0.562 | 1.000 |
HIV disease | 10 (2.9) | 6 (1.7) | 0.431 | 1.000 |
Statin use | 133 (38.8) | 145 (41.7) | 0.486 | 1.000 |
Gastroesophogeal reflux diseases | 40 (11.7) | 53 (15.2) | 0.207 | 1.000 |
Pulmonary edema due to congestive heart failure | 3 (0.9) | 10 (2.9) | 0.098 | 1.000 |
Acute myocardial infarction on admission | 8 (2.3) | 6 (1.7) | 0.766 | 1.000 |
Acute worsening of long-term arrhythmia on admission | 8 (2.3) | 5 (1.4) | 0.558 | 1.000 |
Serious arrhythmia on admission | 6 (1.7) | 15 (4.3) | 0.082 | 1.000 |
Antibiotic use in the prior 30 days | 112 (32.7) | 106 (30.5) | 0.590 | 1.000 |
Home oxygen therapy | 76 (22.2) | 85 (24.4) | 0.538 | 1.000 |
Frail | 127 (37.0) | 136 (39.1) | 0.633 | 1.000 |
Unable to bathe | 35 (10.2) | 42 (12.1) | 0.511 | 1.000 |
Unable to dress self | 24 (7.0) | 23 (6.6) | 0.959 | 1.000 |
Unable to walk | 40 (11.7) | 43 (12.4) | 0.870 | 1.000 |
Unable to get in and out of a chair | 18 (5.2) | 24 (6.9) | 0.455 | 1.000 |
Unable to eat | 8 (2.3) | 12 (3.4) | 0.517 | 1.000 |
Unable to use a toilet | 18 (5.2) | 32 (9.2) | 0.063 | 1.000 |
Difficulty bathing | 49 (14.3) | 54 (15.5) | 0.728 | 1.000 |
Difficulty dressing self | 44 (12.8) | 44 (12.6) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Difficulty walking | 75 (21.9) | 74 (21.3) | 0.921 | 1.000 |
Difficulty getting in and out of a chair | 49 (14.3) | 45 (12.9) | 0.683 | 1.000 |
Difficulty eating | 22 (6.4) | 17 (4.9) | 0.480 | 1.000 |
Difficulty using toilet | 43 (12.5) | 31 (8.9) | 0.156 | 1.000 |
Current smoker | 114 (33.2) | 101 (29.0) | 0.265 | 1.000 |
History of influenza vaccine (current season) | 238 (69.4) | 243 (69.8) | 0.966 | 1.000 |
Type and severity of disease | ||||
Community-acquired pneumonia | 236 (68.8) | 228 (65.5) | 0.402 | 1.000 |
Acute exacerbation of COPD | 91 (26.5) | 102 (29.3) | 0.466 | 1.000 |
Acute bronchitis | 16 (4.7) | 18 (5.2) | 0.894 | 1.000 |
Influenza positive | 24 (7.0) | 33 (9.5) | 0.294 | 1.000 |
Arterial blood gas obtained | 157 (45.8) | 165 (47.4) | 0.722 | 1.000 |
Altered mental status on admission | 17 (5.0) | 15 (4.3) | 0.824 | 1.000 |
Need for ventilatory support on admission | 32 (9.3) | 36 (10.3) | 0.749 | 1.000 |
Need for blood pressure support on admission | 15 (4.4) | 20 (5.7) | 0.516 | 1.000 |
Less than 3 days of respiratory symptoms prior to admission | 78 (22.7) | 95 (27.3) | 0.195 | 1.000 |
Need for ICU Care on Admission | 45 (13.1) | 52 (14.9) | 0.562 | 1.000 |
Pneumonia severity index risk class IV or V | 154 (44.9) | 169 (48.6) | 0.374 | 1.000 |
Radiographic findings | ||||
Multilobar infiltrates on chest radiograph | 119 (34.7) | 114 (32.8) | 0.647 | 1.000 |
Pleural effusion | 58 (16.9) | 73 (21.0) | 0.205 | |
Right upper lobe infiltrate on chest radiograph | 32 (9.3) | 33 (9.5) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Right middle lobe infiltrate on chest radiograph | 40 (11.7) | 43 (12.4) | 0.870 | 1.000 |
Right lower lobe infiltrate on chest radiograph | 108 (31.5) | 104 (29.9) | 0.708 | 1.000 |
Left lower lobe infiltrate on chest radiograph | 95 (27.7) | 97 (27.9) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Unspecified lobe infiltrate on chest radiograph | 15 (4.4) | 15 (4.3) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Interstitial infiltrate on chest radiograph | 26 (7.6) | 18 (5.2) | 0.254 | 1.000 |
Hospitalization and therapeutics | ||||
Study year 1 | 81 (23.6) | 88 (25.3) | 0.672 | 1.000 |
Study year 2 | 169 (49.3) | 172 (49.4) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Study year 3 | 93 (27.1) | 88 (25.3) | 0.646 | 1.000 |
Monday admission to hospital | 49 (14.3) | 50 (14.4) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Tuesday admission to hospital | 60 (17.5) | 58 (16.7) | 0.851 | 1.000 |
Wednesday admission to hospital | 70 (20.4) | 49 (14.1) | 0.036 | 1.000 |
Thursday admission to hospital | 46 (13.4) | 44 (12.6) | 0.852 | 1.000 |
Friday admission to hospital | 47 (13.7) | 59 (17.0) | 0.280 | 1.000 |
Saturday admission to hospital | 36 (10.5) | 41 (11.8) | 0.677 | 1.000 |
Sunday admission to hospital | 35 (10.2) | 47 (13.5) | 0.221 | 1.000 |
≤ 8 h from admission to antimicrobial therapy | 269 (78.4) | 271 (77.9) | 0.933 | 1.000 |
Macrolide empiric therapy | 144 (42.0) | 148 (42.5) | 0.946 | 1.000 |
Antithrombotic therapy during hospitalization | 245 (71.4) | 247 (71.0) | 0.962 | 1.000 |
Systemic steroids during hospitalization | 204 (59.5) | 196 (56.3) | 0.446 | 1.000 |
IV steroids on admission | 170 (49.6) | 169 (48.6) | 0.852 | 1.000 |