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Table 5 Antimicrobial resistance rates from laboratory based antibiograms (2006–2018)

From: Antimicrobial resistance among GLASS priority pathogens from Pakistan: 2006–2018

Priority bacteria

Year

PEN

AMP

CRO/CTM

MEM/IPM

GEN

AK

CIP

SXT

OXA

VAN

K. pneumoniae

2011

  

62 (47–79)

8 (2–27)

 

16 (6–32)

42 (37–50)

61.5 (56–76)

  

2012

  

51 (18.1–71.7)

10 (6.9–17.7)

 

16 (15–22.14)

34 (29–39.7)

55 (52.3–63)

  

2013

  

52.5 (47–58)

19.5 (18–21)

 

13.5 (12–15)

35.5 (34–37)

70 (54–76)

  

2014

  

63 (51–75)

14.5 (14–15)

 

18.5 (18–19)

31 (29–33)

60.5 (54–67)

  

2015

  

52.5 (47–58)

22 (22–22)

 

17 (17–17)

35 (35–35)

51.5 (50–53)

  

2016

  

58 (53–63)

19 (19–19)

 

18 (16–20)

33 (33–33)

54 (50–58)

  

2017

  

67.5 (52–78)

20 (14–32)

 

17.5 (15–20)

33 (33–53)

60.5 (50–64)

  

2018

  

72 (54–78)

17.5 (9–36)

 

19.5 (13–23)

48.5 (43–80)

58 (51–90)

  

E .coli

2011

 

88 (83.1–92.9)

59 (57–78)

1.5 (0.1–2.9)

37 (28–46.7)

4.5 (3–45)

66 (59–74)

70.5 (63.2–78.9)

  

2012

 

84 (79.3–91.5)

60 (55.4–75.3)

1 (0.5–2)

38 (36–44.7)

5 (3–14.7)

65 (36.8–73)

70 (65.2–75.8)

  

2013

 

85 (69–92)

63 (61–79)

5 (2–9)

36 (33–40)

5 (3–25)

67 (67–73)

75 (70–76)

  

2014

 

85 (81–88)

65 (64–74)

5 (2–15)

37 (36–40)

3 (3–24)

74 (68–75)

73 (68–82)

  

2015

 

89.5 (87–97)

68 (67–83)

5.5 (2–7)

36.5 (36–43)

4.5 (3–8)

69 (67–79)

70 (69–77)

  

2016

 

90 (89–91)

71.5 (66.5–78.3)

6.5 (5–9.8)

42 (37–49)

5 (4–7)

59 (10.9–72.5)

76 (71.3–80)

  

2017

 

95 (91–97)

76 (68–82)

10 (4–20)

33 (24–34)

10.5 (4–19)

65 (33–73)

66.5 (62–71)

  

2018

 

91 (89–93)

74 (64–84)

8.5 (6–15)

32 (8–33)

6 (4–25)

71.5 (67–80)

74 (67–90)

  

Acinetobacter spp.

2011

   

87 (46.3–96.2)

59 (15.4–73.7)

74 (45.5–95.6)

    

2012

   

79 (52.1–89.1)

73 (49.3–82.4)

75 (48.1–82.1)

    

2013

   

85.5 (25–89)

73.5 (48–84)

73 (41–83)

    

2014

   

90 (64–95)

72 (40–95)

50 (24–88)

    

2015

   

70 (53–87)

51.5 (47–56)

38.5 (36–41)

    

2016

   

62 (51–73)

46.5 (46–47)

36 (32–40)

    

2017

   

70 (51–89)

43 (35–66)

48.6 (37–55)

    

2018

   

71 (54–88)

62 (53–71)

51 (48–54)

    

Salmonella Typhi

2011

  

0

   

8 (3–13)

   

2012

  

0 (–)

   

73 (24–85)

   

2013

  

0 (–)

   

91 (70–92)

   

2014

  

0 (–)

   

88 (85–91)

   

2015

  

1 (0–2)

   

91 (91–91)

   

2016

  

0.1

   

89

   

2017

  

29

   

81

   

2018

  

58.5 (50–67)

   

99.5 (99–100)

   

Shigella spp.

2011

  

6 (5–7)

   

40.5 (22–59)

   

2012

  

18 (16–20)

   

17.5 (14–21)

   

2013

  

9

   

18

   

2014

  

13

   

16

   

2015

  

15

   

22

   

2016

  

18

   

15

   

2017

  

37

   

32

   

2018

  

35

   

23

   

N. gonnorheae

2011

  

0 (–)

   

92.5 (92–93)

   

2012

  

0 (–)

   

95 (93–97)

   

2013

  

0

   

93

   

2014

  

0

   

96

   

2015

  

0

   

95

   

2016

  

0

   

95

   

2017

  

0

   

86

   

2018

  

NT

   

96

   

S. aureus

2011

        

50 (43–59)

0 (–)

2012

        

55.5 (30.4–64.5)

0 (–)

2013

        

55 (51–58)

0 (–)

2014

        

56.5 (55–58)

0 (–)

2015

        

59 (59–59)

0 (–)

2016

        

60.5 (27–69)

0 (–)

2017

        

42 (29–67)

0 (–)

2018

        

65.5 (41–68)

0 (–)

S. pneumoniae

2011

4.5 (4–5)

      

65 (50–70)

  

2012

8 (3–20)

      

69 (67–100)

  

2013

4

      

77

  

2014

5

      

80

  

2015

14.5 (0–29)

      

75

  

2016

16

      

81

  

2017

13

      

71

  

2018

16.5 (8–25)

      

69 (59–79)

  
  1. The pathogen/antimicrobial combination used was in accordance with WHO GLASS. Antibiograms published in Pakistan Antimicrobial Resistance Network (PARN) (2006–2018) were included. For Staphylococcus aureus in addition to the antimicrobials recommended for reporting in GLASS, vancomycin has also been included. Antimicrobial Resistance rates are shown as median of percentage resistance reported in published antibiograms. 95% confidence intervals are given in brackets. Resistance rates for 2017 were derived from the reported sensitivity rates, using the formulae = (Total no of isolates for which antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted − no of reported susceptible isolates/Total no of isolates for which antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted)*100%
  2. Resistance was graded as: very low (0–10%): in italic; low (11–30%): plain font; moderate (30–50%): underlined; high (≥ 50%): bold font
  3. PEN penicillin, AMP ampicillin, CRO/CTM ceftriaxone/cefotaxime, CAZ ceftazidime, MEM/IPM meropenem/imipenem, GEN gentamicin, CIP ciprofloxacin, SXT sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, AK amikacin, OXA oxacillin, VAN vancomycin