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Table 3 Antimicrobial resistance rates (shown as percent resistance) from laboratory surveillance and community-based literature review (2009–2018)

From: Antimicrobial resistance among GLASS priority pathogens from Pakistan: 2006–2018

Priority bacteria

Year of publication

Duration of study

n

PEN

AMP

CRO/CTM

CAZ

MEM/IPM

AK

CIP/OFX

SXT

AZM

SPT

OXA

VAN

Refs

K. pneumoniae

2012

2010–2011

672

      

34.5

     

[52]

2013

2008–2011

1617

  

26.6

26.7

1.4

 

53.8

     

[53]

2016

2012–2013

60

  

21.7

         

[20]

2018

2015

59

  

39

 

15

10

47.5

51

    

[54]

E. coli

2012

2010–2011

1290

      

58.4

     

[52]

2015

20

 

90

    

50

55

    

[55]

2016

2012–2013

110

  

10

         

[20]

2018

2015

188

 

97

58.5

 

6

 

65

70

    

[54]

S. Typhi

2012

2008–2010

131

  

1.3

   

1.31

     

[21]

2014

2009–2011

2576

  

0.08

   

88.2

     

[22]

2016

2012–2013

40

  

7.5

         

[20]

2017

2014–2015

270

  

0

   

93

     

[56]

2018

2012–2014

1979

  

0.2

   

90

     

[57]

Shigella

2009

2006

115

  

5*

(2–8)

   

7.6*

(4.3–10.9)

78.6*

(73.9–83.2)

    

[25]

2009

2007

101

         

[25]

2016

2011–2013

45

  

7

   

25

79

    

[26]

N. gonorrhoeae

2011

2007–2009

112

      

93.8*

(89.6–98)

     

[58]

2011

2007–2009

318

           

[59]

2013

2008–2011

18

  

0

   

93.8

 

7.7

0

  

[60]

2016

2012–2014

100

  

0

   

86

 

1

0

  

[61]

S. aureus

2009

2005–2008

42

          

11.9

0

[27]

2014

2009–2010

144

          

27.8

 

[29]

S. pneumoniae

2016

2013–2014

42

88.2

 

35.7

    

76.2

    

[30]

  1. The pathogen/antimicrobial combination used was in accordance with WHO GLASS. For Staphylococcus aureus in addition to the antimicrobials recommended for reporting in GLASS, vancomycin has also been included. n value: Number of isolates included in the study reported
  2. Resistance was graded as: very low (0–10%): in italic; low (11–30%): plain font; moderate (30–50%): underlined; high (≥ 50%): bold font
  3. PEN penicillin, AMP ampicillin, CRO/CTM ceftriaxone/cefotaxime, CAZ ceftazidime, MEM/IPM meropenem/imipenem, AK amikacin, CIP/OFX ciprofloxacin/ofloxacin, SXT sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, AZM azithromycin, SPT spectinomycin, OXA oxacillin, VAN vancomycin, Sp species
  4. *Where applicable data from studies conducted during the same year was merged and shown as median percentage (with 95% confidence intervals)