Table 1 Asymptomatic carriage rate of meningococcal disease (EM region only)
References | Study design | Setting (region) | Population Total number of swabbed persons | Asymptomatic carriage rate (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Age category (age range) | Serogroup | ||||
Turkey [27] | Cross-sectional study | 6 well child clinics, 11 day-care centres and 7 elementary schools (Anatolian side of Istanbul) | General population N = 1382 | 2000: 1.2 | Children (0–10 y): 1.2 | All: 1.2 - A: 0.1 - B: 0.4 - C: 0.0 - W135: 0.1 - Y: 0.7 - Other: 0.1 |
Turkey [28] | Cross-sectional study | Primary schools in the city centre (Manisa) | General population N = 1128 | 2001–2002: 4.8–8.0 | Children (7–14 y): 4.8–8.0 | All: 4.8–8.0 - A: 1.8 - B: 1.4 - C: 2.2 - W135: 0.7 - Other: 0.2 |
Turkey [29] | Cross-sectional study | Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital (Istanbul) | General population N = 1000 | 2012–2013: 0.6 | Children and adults (0–79 y): 0.6 | All: 0.6 - B: 0.5 - Other: 0.1 |
Turkey [31] | Cross-sectional study | 13 sites (12 Turkish provinces) | General population N = 1518 | 2015: 2.8–11.0 | Children (10–17 y): 2.8–11.0 | All: 2.8–11.0 - A: 0.3 - B: 0.6 - C: 0.0 - W135: 4.2 - Y: 0.3 - Other: 0.9 |
Adults (18–20 y): 3.1–10.3 | ||||||
Children and adults (10–24 y): 6.3 | ||||||
Turkey [32] | Cross-sectional study | Ýnönü University Faculty of Medicine hospital (Malatya) | General population N = 77 | 2006: 1.3 | Adults (18–62 y): 1.3 | All: 1.3 |
Turkey [30] | Cross-sectional study | City (Diyarbakir) | General population N = 255 | 2004: 2.4–2.8 | Children (0–14 y): 2.8 | All: 2.4–2.8 - W135: 0.4 - Other: 0.4 |
Adults (20–70 y): 2.5 | ||||||
Iran [33] | Longitudinal study | Shiraz airport before and after the Hajj (Shiraz) | Pilgrims N = 674 (before Hajj 2003) N = 674 (post Hajj 2003) Hajj study | Before Hajj 2003: 5.2 | Adults (NR): 5.2 | All: 5.2 - A: 0 - B: 1.3 - C: 0.7 - W135: 0.1 - Y: 0.7 - Other: 0.0–1.5 |
Post Hajj 2003: 4.6 | Adults (NR): 4.6 | All: 4.6 - A: 0.1 - B: 0.3 - C: 0.1 - W135: 0.1 - Y: 0.3 - Other: 0.0–3.1 | ||||
Iran [34] | Cross-sectional study | Military for vaccination in hospital (NR) | Military N = 226 | 2014–2015: 8.0 | Adults (19–28 y): 8.0 | All: 8.0 - A: 1.8 - C: 4.0 - W135: 0.4 - Y: 1.3 - Other: 0.4 |
Iran [35] | Longitudinal study | Military training centre (south-east of Iran) | Military N = 764 (1st sample) N = 692 (2nd sample) | 1st sample 2002–2003: 11.4 | 1st sample 2002–2003 Adults (18–≥ 20 y): 11.4 | 1st sample 2002–2003 All: 11.4 |
2nd sample 2002–2003: 32.9 | 2nd sample 2002–2003 Adults (18–≥ 20 y): 32.9 | 2nd sample 2002–2003 All: 32.9 | ||||
Iran [36] | Longitudinal study | Waiting hall of the airport before and after the Hajj (Zahedan) | Pilgrims N = 422 (before Hajj 2012) N = 422 (post Hajj 2012) Hajj study | Before Hajj 2012: 0 | Before Hajj Adults (21–95 y): 0 | Before Hajj All: 0 |
Post Hajj 2012: 1.4 | Post Hajj Adults (21–95 y): 1.4 | Post Hajj All: 1.4 | ||||
Iran [37] | Cross-sectional study | 3 dormitories affiliated with Kerman University of Medical Sciences (Kerman) | University students N = 335 | 2017–2018: 6.9 | Adults (18–34 y): 6.9 | All: 6.9 - C: 3.0 - Other: 3.9 |
Iran [38] | Cross-sectional study | 16 schools (Kashan) | Students N = 115 | 2011–2012: 6.0–12.3 | Children (7–14 y): 6.0–7.1 | All: 8.9 - B: 0.6 - C: 8.3 |
Children and adults (7–19 y): 8.9–12.3 | ||||||
Kuwait [39] | Cross-sectional study | Pilgrims who attended a post-Hajj gathering (NR) | Pilgrims N = 177 Hajj study | 2005: 0.0 | Adults (NR): 0.0 | All: 0.0 |
Saudi Arabia [43] | Longitudinal study | King Khalid National Guard Hospital (Mecca/Jeddah area) | Pilgrims and hospital personnel N = 190 (before Hajj 2001) N = 137 (post Hajj 2001) Hajj study | Before Hajj 2001: 7.4 | Before Hajj 2001 Adults (18–61 y): 7.4 | Before Hajj 2001 All: 7.4 - A: 0.5 - B: 1.1 - W135: 2.6 - Other: 0.5–2.6 |
Post Hajj 2001: 0.7 | Post Hajj 2001 Adults (18–61 y): 0.7 | Post Hajj 2001 All: 0.7 - A: 0 - B: 0 - W135: 0.7 - Other: 0.0 | ||||
Saudi Arabia [42] | Cross-sectional study | Mina Hospital outpatient clinics (Mina) | Pilgrims N = 344 Hajj study | 2003: 1.6–4.3 | Children (0–19y): 3.0 | All: 1.6–4.3 - B: 0.3 - W135: 0.6 - Other: 2.3 |
Adults (20–> 40 y): 1.6–4.3 | ||||||
Children and adults (0–> 40 y): 3.2 | ||||||
Saudi Arabia [44] | Cohort study | Arriving pilgrims: Hajj Terminal of the King Abdul Aziz International Airport (Jeddah); departing pilgrims: tents for Hajj pilgrims (Mina) | Pilgrims N = 1055 (unpaired arriving pilgrims 2014) N = 373 (unpaired departing pilgrims 2014) N = 628 (paired cohort arriving and departing pilgrims 2014) Hajj study | I. Unpaired arriving pilgrims 2014: 3.4 | I. Adults (18–> 65 y): 3.4 | I. All: 3.4 - B: 2.3 - Other: 1.1 |
II. Unpaired departing pilgrims 2014: 1.6 | II. Adults (> 18–100 y): 1.6 | II. All: 1.6 - B: 0.5 - Other: 1.1 | ||||
IIIa. Paired cohort arriving pilgrims 2014: 2.5 | IIIa. Adults (18–> 65 y): 2.5 | IIIa. All: 2.5 - B: 2.2 | ||||
IIIb. Paired cohort departing pilgrims 2014: 1.3 | IIIb. Adults (18–> 65 y): 1.3 | IIIb. All: 1.3 - B: 1.3 | ||||
Saudi Arabia [40] | Cross-sectional study | King Abdul Aziz International Airport, King Khalid International Airport, camping (Jeddah Riyadh, Mina) | Pilgrims N = 715 (before Hajj) N = 745 (post Hajj) Hajj study | Before Hajj 2000: 8.0 | Before Hajj 2000 Adults (18–100 y): 8.0 | Before Hajj 2000 All: 8.0 - A: 0.4 - B: 1.3 - W135: 0.4 - Y: 0.6 - Other: 5.2 |
Post Hajj 2000: 10.4 | Post Hajj 2000 Adults (18–100 y): 10.4 | Post Hajj 2000: 10.4 - A: 0.0 - B: 0.4 - W135: 4.6 - Y: 0.0 - Other: 5.2 | ||||
Saudi Arabia [41] | Longitudinal study | King Abdul-Aziz International Airport (Jeddah) | Pilgrims Umra visitors N = 979 (before Umra) N = 979 (post Umra) Hajj N = 1433 (before Hajj) N = 613 (post Hajj) Hajj study | Before Umra 2008: 2.5 | Before Umra 2008 Adults (18–100 y): 2.5 | Before Umra 2008 All: 2.5 |
Post Umra 2008: 5.7 | Post Umra 2008 Adults (18–100 y): 5.7 | Post Umra 2008 All: 5.7 | ||||
Before Umra 2008: 5.9 | Before Umra 2008 Adults (18–100 y): 5.9 | Before Umra 2008 All: 5.9 | ||||
Post Hajj 2008: 11.1 | Post Hajj 2008 Adults (18–100 y): 11.1 | Post Hajj 2008 All: 11.1 | ||||
Saudi Arabia [45] | Cross-sectional study | Hajj terminal of King Abdulaziz International Airport (Jeddah) | Pilgrims N = 2249 (post Hajj) Hajj study | Post-Hajj 2017: 4.6 | Children and adults (11–100 y): 4.6 | All: 4.6 - A: 0.1 - B: 0.4 - C: 0.4 - W135: 0.1 - X: 0.3 - Y: 0.1 |
Turkey [46] | Cross-sectional study | Military unit (NR) | Military N = 1995 | 2008: 4.2 | Adults (21–29 y): 4.2 | All: 4.2 - A: 0.1 - B: 0.3 - C: 0.4 - W135: 0.5 - Y: 0.7 - Other: 2.3 |
Turkey [57] | Longitudinal study | Hacettepe University (Ankara) | Pilgrims and household contacts N = 472 (pilgrims before Hajj 2010) N = 296 (pilgrims post Hajj 2010) N = 39 (household contacts 2–3 months post Hajj 2010) Hajj study | I. Pilgrims before Hajj 2010: 13.3 | I. Children and adults (15–64 y): 13.3 | I. All: 13.3 - A: 0.2 - B: 1.9 - W135: 11.0 - Y: 0.2 |
II. Pilgrims post Hajj 2010: 27.4 | II. Children and adults (15–64 y): 27.4 | II. All: 27.4 - A: 0.3 - B: 1.7 - W135: 25.0 - Y: 0.3 | ||||
III. Household contacts post Hajj 2010: 25.6 | Children and adults (NR): 25.6 | All: 25.6 | ||||
W135: 25.6 | ||||||
Adults (20–70 y): 2.5 | ||||||
Turkey [122] | Cohort study | Esenboğa Airport (Ankara) | Pilgrims N = 229 (pre-Hajj, paired cohort) N = 229 (post-Hajj, paired cohort) Hajj study | I. Pre-Hajj 2018: 3.9 | I. Children and adults (10–80 y): 3.9 | I. All: 3.9 - B: 3.9 |
II. Post Hajj 2018: 0.4 | II. Children and adults (10–80 y): 0.4 | II. All: 0.4 - B: 0.4 | ||||