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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the TB:HIV patients in Eastern Europe stratified by delayed diagnosis and factors associated with delayed diagnosis

From: Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in persons living with HIV in Eastern Europe: associated factors and effect on mortality—a multicentre prospective cohort study

 

Total

Delayed diagnosis

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

< 1 month

≥ 1 month

n = 740

n = 260

n = 480

    

Gender

 Male

563 (76.1)

200 (76.9)

363 (75.6)

0.93 (0.65–1.33)

0.69

  

Age

 Age 16–49

694 (93.8)

250 (96.2)

444 (92.5)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Age ≥ 50

46 (6.2)

10 (3.8)

36 (7.5)

2.62 (1.21–5.66)

0.01

2.51 (1.18–5.32)

0.016

Exposure group (HIV)

 MSM (yes vs no)

10 (1.4)

5 (1.9)

5 (1.0)

0.54 (0.15–1.87)

0.32

  

 IDU (yes vs no)

422 (57.0)

132 (50.8)

290 (60.4)

1.48 (1.09–2.00)

0.01

1.66 (1.21–2.29)

0.002

 Heterosexual (yes vs no)

183 (24.7)

72 (27.7)

111 (23.1)

0.79 (0.56–1.11)

0.17

  

Known HIV at TB diagnosis

668 (90.3)

235 (90.4)

433 (90.2)

0.98 (0.59–1.63)

0.94

  

Treatment history (HIV)

 ART naïve at TB diagnosisa

558 (75.4)

176 (67.7)

382 (79.6)

1.86 (1.32–2.63)

0.0001

1.77 (1.24–2.54)

0.002

 ART use at TB diagnosisa

132 (17.8)

59 (22.7)

73 (15.2)

0.61 (0.42 –0.9)

0.011

Omittedd

 

 Cotrimoxazole at TB diagnosis

273 (36.9)

84 (32.3)

189 (39.4)

1.36 (0.99–1.87)

0.057

1.25 (0.89–1.74)

0.197

CD4-cell count/mm3°

 0–199/mm3

440 (59.5)

151 (58.1)

289 (70.8)

1.06 (0.74–1.52)

0.745

  

 ≥ 200

185 (25.0)

66 (25.4)

119 (29.2)

Ref

Ref

  

 Missing CD4

115 (15.5)

43 (37.4)

72 (62.6)

0.93 (0.57–1.51)

0.764

  

Prior AIDS

177 (23.9)

66 (25.4)

111 (23.1)

0.88 (0.62–1.26)

0.49

  

Previous TB

 Yes vs no

99 (13.4)

46 (17.7)

53 (11.0)

0.58 (0.38–0.89)

0.011

0.60 (0.38–0.95)

0.029

TB risk factor

 Alcohol abuse (yes vs no)

186 (25.1)

72 (27.7)

114 (23.8)

0.81 (0.58–1.15)

0.24

  

 Recent TB in family (yes vs no)

53 (7.2)

17 (6.5)

36 (7.5)

1.16 (0.64–2.11)

0.63

  

 Imprisonment within 2 years (yes vs no)

143 (19.3)

47 (18.1)

96 (20.0)

1.13 (0.77–1.67)

0.53

  

Clinical presentation of TB

 Pulmonary (including trachea and larynx)

239 (32.3)

101 (38.9)

138 (28.8)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Extrapulmonary

54 (7.3)

23 (8.9)

31 (6.5)

0.99 (0.54–1.79)

0.964

0.83 (0.44–1.55)

0.553

 Disseminated

447 (60.4)

136 (52.3)

311 (64.8)

1.67 (1.21–2.32)

0.002

1.56 (1.10–2.19)

0.012

Localisations TB was found (non-exclusive)

 Pulmonary (including trachea and larynx)

654 (88.4)

227 (87.3)

427 (89.0)

1.17 (0.74–1.86)

0.504

Omittede

 

 Pleural

92 (12.4)

32 (12.3)

60 (12.5)

1.02 (0.64–1.61)

0.94

Omittede

 

 Lymphatic

309 (41.8)

76 (29.2)

233 (48.5)

2.28 (1.65–3.17)

0.0001

Omittede

 

 Bone and/or joint

13 (1.8)

2 (0.8)

11 (2.3)

3.03 (0.66–13.8)

0.155

Omittede

 

 Genitourinary

37 (5.0)

5 (1.9)

32 (6.7)

3.64 (1.39–9.52)

0.004

Omittede

 

 Meningeal and other central nervous system

74 (10.0)

28 (10.8)

46 (9.6)

0.88 (0.53–1.44)

0.608

Omittede

 

 Gastro-intestinal

55 (7.4)

16 (6.2)

39 (8.1)

1.35 (0.74–2.46)

0.329

Omittede

 

TB symptoms

 Cough (yes vs no)

501 (67.7)

188 (72.3)

313 (65.2)

0.72 (0.52–0.99)

0.049

0.72 (0.51–1.02)

0.061

 Fever (yes vs no)

636 (86.0)

227 (87.3)

409 (85.2)

0.84 (0.54–1.31)

0.433

  

 Weight loss (yes vs no)

445 (60.1)

133 (51.2)

312 (65.0)

1.77 (1.3–2.42)

0.0001

1.63 (1.18–2.24)

0.003

Number of symptomsc

 None

20 (2.7)

6 (2.3)

14 (2.9)

Ref

Ref

  

 One symptom

133 (18.0)

50 (19.2)

83 (17.3)

0.71 (0.26–1.97)

0.512

  

 Two symptoms

312 (42.2)

114 (43.9)

198 (41.3)

0.74 (0.28–2.0)

0.556

  

 Three symptoms

275 (37.2)

90 (34.6)

185 (38.5)

0.88 (0.33–2.37)

0.802

  

Screening chest X-ray before current episode

 Yes vs no

338 (45.7)

115 (44.2)

223 (46.5)

1.09 (0.81–1.48)

0.56

  

Rifampicin resistance

 Yes vs no

95 (38.3)

34 (35.8)

61 (39.9)

1.19 (0.7–2.0)

0.52

  

MDR-TB

 Yes

88 (11.9)

31 (11.9)

57 (11.9)

1.22 (0.71–2.11)

0.478

  

 No

148 (20.0)

59 (22.7)

89 (18.5)

Ref

Ref

  

 Missing drug susceptibility testing

504 (68.1)

170 (65.4)

334 (69.6)

1.30 (1.09–1.90)

0.170

  

Diagnosis

 Definite

333 (45.0)

123 (47.3)

210 (43.8)

Ref

Ref

  

 Probable

76 (10.3)

24 (9.2)

52 (10.8)

1.27 (0.75–2.16)

0.380

  

 Presumptive

331 (44.7)

113 (43.5)

218 (45.4)

1.13 (0.82–1.55)

0.451

  

Hepatitis B

 HbsAg at baselineb

44 (6.0)

17 (6.5)

27 (5.6)

0.85 (0.46–1.59)

0.616

  

Hepatitis C

 Anti-HCV antibodiesb

405 (54.7)

134 (51.5)

271 (56.5)

1.21 (0.9–1.65)

0.199

  

Continuous variables

 Weight (kg)

  Baseline

60 (53–68)

63 (55–68.5)

60 (53–68)

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

0.255

  

 HIV-RNA (log10) copies/ml

  Baseline

5.3 (4.5–5.8)

5.2 (4.3–5.7)

5.3 (4.6–5.8)

1.12 (0.96–1.32)

0.158

  
  1. Adjusted for age, IDU, ART treatment naivety, cotrimoxazole treatment, previous TB, clinical TB presentation and TB symptoms cough and weight loss
  2. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, MSM Men Who Have Sex with Men, IDU injecting drug use
  3. aThose not included in the categories “ART naïve at TB diagnosis” and”ART use at TB diagnosis” have previously received ART and interrupted their treatment
  4. bThose with missing information for chest x-ray (n = 278), HBsAg (n = 215), Anti-HCV (n = 220) assumed negative
  5. cIndex based on symptoms cough, fever, weight loss
  6. dOmitted because of multicollinearity with Treatment Naivety (correlation co-efficient 0.7817)
  7. eOmitted in model as part of extra-pulmonary/disseminated