Total | Delayed diagnosis | OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 1 month | ≥ 1 month | ||||||
n = 740 | n = 260 | n = 480 | |||||
Gender | |||||||
Male | 563 (76.1) | 200 (76.9) | 363 (75.6) | 0.93 (0.65–1.33) | 0.69 | ||
Age | |||||||
Age 16–49 | 694 (93.8) | 250 (96.2) | 444 (92.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Age ≥ 50 | 46 (6.2) | 10 (3.8) | 36 (7.5) | 2.62 (1.21–5.66) | 0.01 | 2.51 (1.18–5.32) | 0.016 |
Exposure group (HIV) | |||||||
MSM (yes vs no) | 10 (1.4) | 5 (1.9) | 5 (1.0) | 0.54 (0.15–1.87) | 0.32 | ||
IDU (yes vs no) | 422 (57.0) | 132 (50.8) | 290 (60.4) | 1.48 (1.09–2.00) | 0.01 | 1.66 (1.21–2.29) | 0.002 |
Heterosexual (yes vs no) | 183 (24.7) | 72 (27.7) | 111 (23.1) | 0.79 (0.56–1.11) | 0.17 | ||
Known HIV at TB diagnosis | 668 (90.3) | 235 (90.4) | 433 (90.2) | 0.98 (0.59–1.63) | 0.94 | ||
Treatment history (HIV) | |||||||
ART naïve at TB diagnosisa | 558 (75.4) | 176 (67.7) | 382 (79.6) | 1.86 (1.32–2.63) | 0.0001 | 1.77 (1.24–2.54) | 0.002 |
ART use at TB diagnosisa | 132 (17.8) | 59 (22.7) | 73 (15.2) | 0.61 (0.42 –0.9) | 0.011 | Omittedd | |
Cotrimoxazole at TB diagnosis | 273 (36.9) | 84 (32.3) | 189 (39.4) | 1.36 (0.99–1.87) | 0.057 | 1.25 (0.89–1.74) | 0.197 |
CD4-cell count/mm3° | |||||||
0–199/mm3 | 440 (59.5) | 151 (58.1) | 289 (70.8) | 1.06 (0.74–1.52) | 0.745 | ||
≥ 200 | 185 (25.0) | 66 (25.4) | 119 (29.2) | Ref | Ref | ||
Missing CD4 | 115 (15.5) | 43 (37.4) | 72 (62.6) | 0.93 (0.57–1.51) | 0.764 | ||
Prior AIDS | 177 (23.9) | 66 (25.4) | 111 (23.1) | 0.88 (0.62–1.26) | 0.49 | ||
Previous TB | |||||||
Yes vs no | 99 (13.4) | 46 (17.7) | 53 (11.0) | 0.58 (0.38–0.89) | 0.011 | 0.60 (0.38–0.95) | 0.029 |
TB risk factor | |||||||
Alcohol abuse (yes vs no) | 186 (25.1) | 72 (27.7) | 114 (23.8) | 0.81 (0.58–1.15) | 0.24 | ||
Recent TB in family (yes vs no) | 53 (7.2) | 17 (6.5) | 36 (7.5) | 1.16 (0.64–2.11) | 0.63 | ||
Imprisonment within 2 years (yes vs no) | 143 (19.3) | 47 (18.1) | 96 (20.0) | 1.13 (0.77–1.67) | 0.53 | ||
Clinical presentation of TB | |||||||
Pulmonary (including trachea and larynx) | 239 (32.3) | 101 (38.9) | 138 (28.8) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Extrapulmonary | 54 (7.3) | 23 (8.9) | 31 (6.5) | 0.99 (0.54–1.79) | 0.964 | 0.83 (0.44–1.55) | 0.553 |
Disseminated | 447 (60.4) | 136 (52.3) | 311 (64.8) | 1.67 (1.21–2.32) | 0.002 | 1.56 (1.10–2.19) | 0.012 |
Localisations TB was found (non-exclusive) | |||||||
Pulmonary (including trachea and larynx) | 654 (88.4) | 227 (87.3) | 427 (89.0) | 1.17 (0.74–1.86) | 0.504 | Omittede | |
Pleural | 92 (12.4) | 32 (12.3) | 60 (12.5) | 1.02 (0.64–1.61) | 0.94 | Omittede | |
Lymphatic | 309 (41.8) | 76 (29.2) | 233 (48.5) | 2.28 (1.65–3.17) | 0.0001 | Omittede | |
Bone and/or joint | 13 (1.8) | 2 (0.8) | 11 (2.3) | 3.03 (0.66–13.8) | 0.155 | Omittede | |
Genitourinary | 37 (5.0) | 5 (1.9) | 32 (6.7) | 3.64 (1.39–9.52) | 0.004 | Omittede | |
Meningeal and other central nervous system | 74 (10.0) | 28 (10.8) | 46 (9.6) | 0.88 (0.53–1.44) | 0.608 | Omittede | |
Gastro-intestinal | 55 (7.4) | 16 (6.2) | 39 (8.1) | 1.35 (0.74–2.46) | 0.329 | Omittede | |
TB symptoms | |||||||
Cough (yes vs no) | 501 (67.7) | 188 (72.3) | 313 (65.2) | 0.72 (0.52–0.99) | 0.049 | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | 0.061 |
Fever (yes vs no) | 636 (86.0) | 227 (87.3) | 409 (85.2) | 0.84 (0.54–1.31) | 0.433 | ||
Weight loss (yes vs no) | 445 (60.1) | 133 (51.2) | 312 (65.0) | 1.77 (1.3–2.42) | 0.0001 | 1.63 (1.18–2.24) | 0.003 |
Number of symptomsc | |||||||
None | 20 (2.7) | 6 (2.3) | 14 (2.9) | Ref | Ref | ||
One symptom | 133 (18.0) | 50 (19.2) | 83 (17.3) | 0.71 (0.26–1.97) | 0.512 | ||
Two symptoms | 312 (42.2) | 114 (43.9) | 198 (41.3) | 0.74 (0.28–2.0) | 0.556 | ||
Three symptoms | 275 (37.2) | 90 (34.6) | 185 (38.5) | 0.88 (0.33–2.37) | 0.802 | ||
Screening chest X-ray before current episode | |||||||
Yes vs no | 338 (45.7) | 115 (44.2) | 223 (46.5) | 1.09 (0.81–1.48) | 0.56 | ||
Rifampicin resistance | |||||||
Yes vs no | 95 (38.3) | 34 (35.8) | 61 (39.9) | 1.19 (0.7–2.0) | 0.52 | ||
MDR-TB | |||||||
Yes | 88 (11.9) | 31 (11.9) | 57 (11.9) | 1.22 (0.71–2.11) | 0.478 | ||
No | 148 (20.0) | 59 (22.7) | 89 (18.5) | Ref | Ref | ||
Missing drug susceptibility testing | 504 (68.1) | 170 (65.4) | 334 (69.6) | 1.30 (1.09–1.90) | 0.170 | ||
Diagnosis | |||||||
Definite | 333 (45.0) | 123 (47.3) | 210 (43.8) | Ref | Ref | ||
Probable | 76 (10.3) | 24 (9.2) | 52 (10.8) | 1.27 (0.75–2.16) | 0.380 | ||
Presumptive | 331 (44.7) | 113 (43.5) | 218 (45.4) | 1.13 (0.82–1.55) | 0.451 | ||
Hepatitis B | |||||||
HbsAg at baselineb | 44 (6.0) | 17 (6.5) | 27 (5.6) | 0.85 (0.46–1.59) | 0.616 | ||
Hepatitis C | |||||||
Anti-HCV antibodiesb | 405 (54.7) | 134 (51.5) | 271 (56.5) | 1.21 (0.9–1.65) | 0.199 | ||
Continuous variables | |||||||
Weight (kg) | |||||||
Baseline | 60 (53–68) | 63 (55–68.5) | 60 (53–68) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.255 | ||
HIV-RNA (log10) copies/ml | |||||||
Baseline | 5.3 (4.5–5.8) | 5.2 (4.3–5.7) | 5.3 (4.6–5.8) | 1.12 (0.96–1.32) | 0.158 |