Table 2 Patient demographics, characteristics, and clinical presentation of monomicrobial ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) versus polymicrobial VAP in CGMH, October 2017-March 2020
Characteristics | All VAP episodes (total n = 236) | Monomicrobial VAP episodes (total n = 176) | Polymicrobial VAP episodes (total n = 60) | P values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Gestational age (weeks), median (IQR) | 26.0 (25.0–28.0) | 26.0 (25.0–28.8) | 26.0 (25.0–28.0) | 0.984 |
 Birth weight (g), median (IQR) | 871.0 (720.0–1080.0) | 870.5 (720.0–1090.0) | 876.0 (730–1097.0) | 0.856 |
 Gender (male/female), n (%) | 142 (60.2)/94 (38.8) | 105 (59.7)/71 (40.3) | 37 (61.7)/23 (38.3) | 0.879 |
 5 min Apgar score ≤ 7, n (%) | 78 (33.1) | 55 (31.3) | 23 (38.3) | 0.719 |
 Inborn/outborn, n (%) | 208 (88.1)/28 (11.9) | 154 (87.5)/22 (12.5) | 54 (90.0)/6 (10.0) | 0.817 |
 Birth by NSD/Cesarean section, n (%) | 93 (39.4)/143 (60.6) | 65 (36.9)/111 (63.1) | 28 (46.7)/32 (53.3) | 0.221 |
 Respiratory distress syndrome (≥ Gr II), n (%) | 165 (69.9) | 122 (69.3) | 43 (71.7) | 0.752 |
 Intraventricular hemorrhage (≥ Stage III), n (%) | 19 (8.1) | 14 (8.0) | 5 (8.3) | 0.800 |
Underlying chronic comorbidities, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Neurological sequelae | 69 (29.4) | 56 (31.8) | 13 (21.7) | 0.142 |
 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | 163 (69.1) | 111 (63.1) | 52 (86.7) | 0.001 |
 Cardiovascular diseases | 35 (14.8) | 27 (15.3) | 8 (13.3) | 0.835 |
 Gastrointestinal sequelae | 67 (28.4) | 48 (27.3) | 19 (31.7) | 0.512 |
 Renal disorders | 6 (2.5) | 5 (2.8) | 1 (1.7) | 0.618 |
 Congenital anomalies | 20 (8.5) | 17 (9.7) | 3 (5.0) | 0.276 |
 Presences of any chronic comorbidities | 197 (83.5) | 139 (79.0) | 58 (96.7) | 0.002 |
 Presences of more than one comorbidities | 105 (44.5) | 79 (44.8) | 26 (43.3) | 0.741 |
Day of life at onset of VAP (day), median (IQR) | 30.0 (19.0–48.5) | 26.5 (17.0–44.5) | 39.5 (26.5–55.5) |  < 0.001 |
On antibiotic treatment at onset of VAP, n (%) | 89 (37.7) | 58 (32.9) | 31 (51.7) | 0.013 |
Use of TPN and/or intrafat, n (%) | 174 (73.7) | 134 (76.1) | 40 (66.7) | 0.175 |
Use of central venous catheter, n (%) | 217 (91.9) | 162 (92.0) | 55 (91.7) | 0.926 |
Clinical features, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Fever | 14 (5.9) | 11 (6.3) | 3 (5.0) | 0.723 |
 On HFOV/conventional ventilator | 86 (36.4)/150 (63.6) | 69 (39.2)/107 (60.8) | 17 (28.3)/43 (71.7) | 0.162 |
 Septic shock | 38 (16.1) | 30 (17.0) | 8 (13.3) | 0.481 |
 Metabolic acidosis | 37 (15.7) | 27 (15.3) | 10 (16.7) | 0.838 |
 NTISS score at onset of VAP, median (IQR) | 27.0 (25.0–29.0) | 27.0 (25.0–29.0) | 27.0 (24.0–29.0) | 0.209 |
 With concurrent bacteremia | 44 (18.6) | 35 (19.9) | 9 (15.0) | 0.689 |
 Requirement of blood transfusiona | 175 (74.2) | 134 (76.1) | 41 (68.3) | 0.110 |
 Requirement of high FiO2 (≥ 50%)b | 96 (40.7) | 75 (42.6) | 21 (35.0) | 0.167 |
 Chest X-ray findings |  |  |  | 0.597 |
  New infiltrate | 97 (41.1) | 70 (41.7) | 27 (38.9) |  |
  Worsening infiltrate | 126 (53.4) | 95 (54.2) | 31 (55.0) |  |
  Persistent infiltrate | 13 (5.5) | 11 (4.2) | 2 (6.0) |  |