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Table 3 Percentual changes (expressed as median and interquartile interval) in parameters of heart rate variability analyzed in the time- and frequency-domains or using non-linear analysis during the cold face test in patients belonging to the studied groups: HIV seronegative controls (n = 35) and HIV seropositive patients of Group 1 (treated with 3TC, TDF, EFV, n = 44) and Group 2 (treated with 3TC + AZT; 3TC + TDF + LPV/r, n = 42) with suppressed viremia

From: Linear and non-linear analysis of heart rate variability in HIV-positive patients on two different antiretroviral therapy regimens

 

HIV seronegative controls

HIV seropositive

p value

Group 1

(3TC, TDF, EFV)

Group 2

(3TC + AZT; 3TC + TDF + LPV/r)

Number

35

44

42

 

Time-domain analysis

    

 Mean RRi (%)

 + 2.93 (4.51)

 + 4.25 (4.11)

 + 2.71 (4.61)

NS (0.077)

 STD RR (%)

 − 8.58 (25.35)

 − 6.65 (33.69)

 − 10.58 (22.62)

NS (0.756)

 pNN50 (%)

 + 31.24 (128.14)

 + 8.85 (97.93)

 + 1.87 (113.44)

NS (0.163)

 RMSSD (%)

 + 28.85 (28.73)

 + 8.76 (27.16)*

 + 2.26 (38.71)*

 < 0.001

 Frequency-domain analysis

    

 LF freq. (%)

0.00 (20.14)

 + 7.50 (9.80)

0.00 (0.14)

NS (0.648)

 LF power (%)

 − 7.38 (73.34)

 − 23.17 (70.54)

 − 28.26 (55.55)

NS (0.265)

 LF (n.u.) (%)

 − 17.47 (30.39)

 − 15.80 (27.84)

 − 16.65 (25.90)

NS (0.630)

 HF freq. (%)

 − 2.86 (15.29)

 + 0.77 (73.13)

0.00 (42.36)

NS (0.274)

 HF power (%)

 + 16.43 (64.17)

 + 26.29 (76.26)

 + 12.23 (89.63)

NS (0.366)

 HF (n.u.) (%)

 + 3.78 (78.35)

 + 22.22 (58.89)

 + 26.76 (63.57)

NS (0.268)

 LF/HF ratio (%)

 − 28.57 (82.73)

 − 32.31 (45.82)

 − 40.83 (50.10)

NS (0.792)

Non-linear analysis

    

 Poincaré Plot

    

  SD1 (%)

 − 1.67 (19.33)

 + 8.88 (27.90)

 + 2.08 (38.00)

NS (0.159)

  SD2 (%)

 − 11.54 (25.98)

 − 9.63 (40.32)

 − 14.36 (23.50)

NS (0.592)

 Recurrence plot

    

  Mean line length (%)

 − 15.67 (59.71)

 − 23.37 (36.47)

 − 9.64 (30.21)

NS (0.060)

  Max line length (%)

 − 29.92 (63.68)

 − 53.41 (28.09)

 − 42.76 (55.93)

NS (0.054)

  Recurrence rate (%)

 − 7.59 (41.91)

 − 19.02 (26.01)

 − 6.11 (23.10)

NS (0.107)

  Determinism rate (%)

 − 0.83 (1.19)

 − 0.91 (1.43)

 − 0.33 (0.91)

NS (0.077)

 Detrended fluctuation analysis

    

  α1 (%)

 − 6.94 (16.69)

 − 14.04 (24.51)

 − 11.77 (21.84)

NS (0.085)

  α2 (%)

 + 4.51 (37.56)

 + 4.45 (23.96)

 + 2.50 (29.34)

NS (0.952)

 Complexity

    

  Approximate entropy (%)

 − 5.23 (19.44)

 − 11.68 (21.66)

 − 11.88 (12.78)

NS (0.194)

  Sample entropy (%)

 + 6.25 (29.68)

 + 11.97 (40.57)

 + 11.31 (26.59)

NS (0.779)

  Correlation dimension (%)

 − 13.76 (43.78)

 − 4.13 (84.48)

 − 12.03 (50.13)

NS (0.849)

  1. Data are expressed as median (percentile 25, percentile 75). P = significance level from Kruskall-Wallis ANOVA; NS = non significant; LF = low frequency; HF = high frequency; LH/HF = ratio between low and high frequency bands; n.u. = normalized units. 3TC = lamivudine, TDF = tenofovir, EFV: efavirenz, AZT = zidovudine, LPV = lopinavir, r = ritonavir
  2. *p < 0.05 versus control group