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Table 2 Clinical characteristics

From: Clinical outcomes in patients co-infected with COVID-19 and Staphylococcus aureus: a scoping review

First Author

N

Type

Diagnosis

Co-infection onset

Presentation

Dx findings

Treatments and Interventions

Complications

Length of stay

ICU

Outcome

Adachi

1

MSSA

Sputum sample, pneumonia

Uncleara

Fever, diarrhea, dyspnea

Bilateral opacities on chest x-ray (CXR), ground glass opacities & lower lobe consolidation on chest computed tomography (CT)

Antibiotics, corticosteroids, lopinavir/ritonavir, morphine

ARDS

16

Yes

Death

Bagnato

1

MSSA

Blood culture, bacteremia

Hospital-onset

Fever, cough, diarrhea, myalgia

Unremarkable head CT, normal creatine kinase

Antibiotics, corticosteroids, intubation and ventilation, antifungals, lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, neuromuscular blocking agents, olanzapine

Psychomotor agitation and temporospatial disorientation, myopathy

140

Yes

Discharge

Chandran

1

MSSA

Blood culture and tracheal aspirate, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) and bacteremia

Hospital-onset

Dyspnea (positive COVID test)

Bilateral interstitial infiltrates (CXR) and ground glass opacities (CT)

Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation

Bilateral cavitating lung lesions, septic shock

15

Yes

Death

Chen

1

MSSA and MRSA

Sputum sample, pneumonia

Hospital-onset

Asymptomatic (positive COVID test)

Patchy consolidation and ground glass opacities in right upper lobe on CXR (day 29)

Antibiotics, corticosteroids, lopinavir/ritonavir, Abidol combined with IFN inhalant, Thymalfasin, ribavirin, loratadine

Pneumonia

51

No

Discharge

Choudhury

1

MSSA

Blood culture, endocarditis and bacteremia

Unclearb

Altered mental status, low back pain, urinary incontinence, right foot ulcers

Cystitis and pyelonephritis on CT, epidural abscess (L4/5) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Antibiotics, oral rifampin, hydroxychloroquine

Endocarditis, aortic root abscess

NR (not reported)

NR

Hospice

Cusumano

42

MSSA (n = 23) and MRSA (n = 19)

Blood culture, bacteremia (n = 42), pneumonia (n = 8), vascular (n = 3), osteomyelitis (n = 1), skin (n = 1)

Hospital-onset (n = 28), community-onset (n = 14)

Not reported (NR)

Abnormal CXR (n = 36), vegetation on transthoracic echo (n = 1)

Antibiotics (n = 42), intubation and ventilation (n = 31), central venous catheter (n = 19)

NR

NR

NR

Death at 30 days (n = 28)

De Pascale

40

MSSA (n = 14), MRSA (n = 26)

Tracheal aspirate and blood culture, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) (n = 40) and bacteremia (n = 19)

Late hospital-onset (n = 35), early hospital-onset (n = 5)

NR

NR

Antibiotics (n = 40), intubation and ventilation (n = 40)

Septic shock (n = 22), acute kidney injury (n = 4)

11 (mean)

Yes (n = 40)

Death (n = 26)

Duployez

1

MSSA (PVL-secreting)

Pleural drainage sample, pneumonia

Unclearc

Fever, cough, bloody sputum

Consolidation of left upper lobe, left pleural effusion, right ground glass opacities, bilateral cavitary lesions on CT

Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), anticoagulation, upper left lobectomy

Necrotizing pneumonia, deterioration of respiratory, renal, and liver functions

17

Yes

Death

Edrada

1

MSSA

Nasal and throat swab with PCR

Community-onset/carrier

Dry cough, sore throat

Unremarkable chest CT

Oseltamivir

None

19

No

Discharge

ElSeirafi

1

MRSA

Blood culture, bacteremia

Hospital-onset

Fever, dry cough, dyspnea

Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and ARDS on CXR

Antibiotics, IFN, ribavirin, plasma therapy, tocilizumab injections

Septic shock with multi-organ dysfunction

16

Yes

Death

Filocamo

1

MSSA

Blood culture, bacteremia

Hospital-onset

Fever, dyspnea

Bilateral ground glass opacities on chest CT

Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, anakinra

Progressive cholestatic liver injury

29

Yes

Discharge

Hamzavi

1

MSSA

Blood culture, bacteremia

Uncleard

Fever, cough, dyspnea, lethargy

Left pleural effusion on CXR

Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation

Multi-organ dysfunction

NR

Yes

Death

Hoshiyama

1

MSSA

Throat swab and sputum sample

Uncleare

Cough

Normal labs

NR

NR

NR

No

Discharge

“”

1

MSSA

Throat swab and sputum sample

Uncleare

Cough

Normal labs

NR

NR

NR

No

Discharge

Hussain

1

MSSA

Blood culture, bacteremia

Community-onset

Fever, cough, dyspnea, malaise

Bilateral reticular enhancement and heavily calcified aortic valve with mass effect on left atrial wall on chest CT

Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, pantoprazole, amiodarone, heparin

Bleeding Dieulafoy’s lesion, fast atrial fibrillation, acute kidney injury, multi-organ failure, intracerebral hematoma

18

Yes

Death

Levesque

1

MSSA

Sputum sample, pneumonia (ventilator-associated)

Hospital-onset

Fever, dry cough, dyspnea

Small intraventricular hemorrhage on head CT (day 39)

Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, corticosteroids, propofol, fentanyl, neuromuscular blocking agents, heparin, continuous platelet infusion, blood transfusions, IVIG, endobronchial clot removals, romiplostim, vincristine

ARDS, ICU-acquired neuromyopathy, acute kidney injury, thrombocytopenia, intraventricular hemorrhage, ventilator-associated pneumonia

At least 39

Yes

Hospital

Mirza

1

MRSA

Sputum sample

Carrier (chronic)

Chest pain, dyspnea

Bilateral upper lobe bronchial wall thickening and bronchiectasis with nodular and interstitial opacities on chest CT

Antibiotics, remdesivir

Meropenem-resistant pseudomonas

6

No

Discharge

Patek

1

MSSA

Wound culture, cellulitis

Community-onset

Fever, erythema and erosions of right thumb and fourth digit, somnolence, decreased feeding

Elevated LFTs, bilateral perihilar streaking on CXR, neutropenia

Antibiotics, acyclovir, nasal cannula O2

Hypoxic respiratory failure

7

Yes

Discharge

Posteraro

1

MRSA

Blood culture, bacteremia

Hospital-onset

Fever, cough, dyspnea

CXR and chest CT consistent with pneumonia

Antibiotics, antifungals, hydroxychloroquine, darunavir/ritonavir

Hypoxia, left leg re-amputation, septic shock

53

Yes

Death

Rajdev

1

MSSA

Sputum sample, pneumonia (ventilator-associated)

Community- and hospital-onsetf

Dyspnea

Bilateral consolidations on CXR, bilateral ground glass opacities and pneumomediastinum with subcutaneous emphysema on chest CT

Intubation and ventilation, epoprostenol, hydromorphone, neuromuscular blocking agents, ECMO

Anemia, epistaxis, oropharyngeal bleeding, ARDS

47

Yes

Discharge

Rajdev

1

MSSA

Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia

Hospital-onset

Fever, cough, dyspnea, myalgias

Diffuse bilateral pulmonary opacities on CXR

Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, corticosteroids, tacrolimus, mycophenolate, remdesivir

Hypoxic respiratory failure, Guillan Barré syndrome

23

NR

Discharge

Ramos-Martinez

1

MSSA

Blood culture, bacteremia (central venous catheter-associated)

Hospital-onset

Fever, meningitis, right infrapopliteal deep vein thrombosis

Mild mitral insufficiency on transthoracic echo

Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, central venous catheter, corticosteroids, tocilizumab

Native valve endocarditis, progressive sepsis

At least 20

Yes

Death

Randall

1

MRSA

Blood culture, bacteremia

Hospital-onset

Fever, cough, dyspnea

NR

Intubation and ventilation, corticosteroids, central venous catheter

Respiratory distress

3

NR

Death

“”

1

MRSA

Blood culture, bacteremia

Hospital-onset

Hypoxia (positive COVID test)

NR

Corticosteroids, remdesivir, central venous catheter

Septic shock

14

NR

Death

“”

1

MRSA

Blood culture, bacteremia

Hospital-onset

Hypoxia (positive COVID test)

NR

Corticosteroids

Cardiac arrest

10

Yes

Death

Regazzoni

1

MSSA

Nasal swab and blood culture, bacteremia

Hospital-onset

Bilateral pneumonia (positive COVID test)

Ischemic areas with hemorrhagic transformation on head CT and MRI, large vegetations on aortic valve with regurgitation on transesophageal echo

Antibiotics, corticosteroids

Severe systemic inflammatory response

At least 10

NR

Hospital

Sharifipour

1

MSSA

Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia (ventilator-associated)

Hospital-onset

Cough, dyspnea, sore throat

NR

Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation

Ventilator-associated pneumonia

13

Yes

Discharge

“”

1

MRSA

Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia (ventilator-associated)

Hospital-onset

Cough, dyspnea, sore throat

NR

Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation

Ventilator-associated pneumonia

9

Yes

Death

Son

4

MRSA

Sputum sample, pneumonia (n = 4)

Hospital-onset (n = 4)

Pneumonia (positive COVID test)

NR

Antibiotics (n = 4), corticosteroids (n = 4)

NR

42 (mean)

Yes

Death (n = 3)

Spannella

1

MSSA

Bronchoalveolar lavage, pneumonia

Community-onset

Fever, cough, emesis

Bilateral ground glass opacities and multiple areas of consolidation on CXR

Antibiotics, metoprolol, amiodarone, continuous positive-pressure airway

Atrial fibrillation, respiratory failure, altered mental status, tachycardia, severe hypoxemia

27

Yes

Death

Spoto

1

MSSA

Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia

Unclearg

Fever, dyspnea, respiratory distress following chemoimmunotherapy

Bilateral ground glass opacities and consolidation in the middle/upper lobes on chest CT

Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine

ARDS

5

NR

Death

Valga

1

MSSA

Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia

Hospital-onset

Fever, dry cough

NR

Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, IFN beta, heparin

ARDS, multi-organ failure

47

Yes

Discharge

  1. aPositive sputum culture on day 10
  2. bPatient recently treated for S. aureus prior to admission, but setting is unclear
  3. cPleural fluid tested on day 4
  4. dTimeline of blood culture unclear
  5. eTimeline of sputum testing unclear
  6. fPositive sputum on admission, subsequent ventilator-associated infection
  7. gPatient was receiving routine treatments in a healthcare-setting