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Table 1 Characteristics of UK Biobank participants

From: Patterns of multimorbidity and risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: an observational study in the U.K.

Characteristics

With severe SARS-CoV-2 infectiona

N = 1706 (0.5%)

Without severe SARS-CoV-2 infectionb

N = 358,577 (99.5%)

P value

Current age, mean [SD]

71.0 [8.0]

67.2 [8.1]

 < 0.001

  < 60 years

248 (14.5)

83,021 (23.2)

 

  ≥ 60 years

1458 (85.5)

275,556 (76.9)

 < 0.001

Sex

   

 Women

725 (42.5)

194,846 (54.3)

 

 Men

981 (57.5)

163,731 (45.7)

 < 0.001

Ethnicity

   

 White

1567 (91.9)

339,052 (94.6)

 

 Non-white

139 (8.2)

19,525 (5.5)

 < 0.001

Deprivation index, mean [SD]

− 0.6 [3.4]

− 1.4 [3.0]

 

 Least deprived

699 (41.0)

179,448 (50.0)

 

 Most deprived

1007 (59.0)

179,129 (50.0)

 < 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2), mean [SD]

28.6 [5.3]

27.4 [4.7]

 

 Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2)

426 (25.0)

120,338 (33.6)

 

 Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2)

729 (42.7)

153,185 (42.7)

 < 0.001

 Obese (≥ 30 kg/m2)

551 (32.3)

85,054 (23.7)

 

Smoking status

   

 Never

772 (45.3)

199,897 (55.8)

 

 Previous

699 (41.0)

124,183 (34.6)

 

 Current

235 (13.8)

34,497 (9.6)

 < 0.001

Air pollution NO2 (μg/m3) mean [SD]

29.5 [8.8]

28.0 [8.6]

 

 Low/moderate level (< 40 μg/m3)

1547 (90.7)

333,831 (93.1)

 

 High level (≥ 40 μg/m3)

159 (9.3)

24,746 (6.9)

 < 0.001

25(OH) D (nmol/L), mean [SD]

47.3 [21.6]

49.6 [21.0]

 

 Severe deficiency (< 25 nmol/L)

278 (16.3)

43,280 (12.1)

 

 Sufficient (≥ 25 nmol/L)

1428 (83.7)

315,297 (87.9)

 < 0.001

Regular vitamin D supplements intake

81 (4.8)

14,295 (4.0)

0.109

Season of blood draw

   

 Winter

328 (19.2)

66,579 (18.6)

 

 Spring

491 (28.8)

99,791 (27.8)

 

 Summer

490 (28.7)

104,251 (29.1)

 

 Autumn

397 (23.3)

87,956 (24.5)

0.548

Walking pace

   

 Slow pace

290 (17.0)

25,279 (7.1)

 

 Steady/brisk pace

1416 (83.0)

333,298 (93.0)

 < 0.001

C-reactive protein (mg/L), mean [SD]

3.3 [5.4]

2.5 [4.1]

 

 Normal (< 3 mg/L)

1213 (71.1)

281,507 (78.5)

 

 High (≥ 3 mg/L)

493 (28.9)

77,070 (21.5)

 < 0.001

  1. N (%) presented, unless stated otherwise. Deprivation defined by Townsend deprivation index. P-values calculated by t-test or Chi squared test
  2. NO2 nitrogen dioxide
  3. aSevere SARS-CoV-2 infection included those with a positive test result for SARS-CoV-2 with hospitalisation, or those who died during the study period (16 March to 26 July, 2020)
  4. bThose without severe SARS-CoV-2 infection included those who had not been tested, or who had tested negative for SARS-CoV-2
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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