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Table 3 Factors associated with the death of COVID-19 patients

From: Clinical characteristics and risk factors of fatal patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study in Wuhan, China

Indicators

Univariable Cox regression

Multivariable Cox regression

HR (95% CI)

P value

HR (95% CI)

P value

Vital signs

    

 Temperature, ℃

1.340(1.169–1.536)

 < 0.0001*

1.332(1.160–1.529)

 < 0.0001*

 Heart rate, bpm

1.036(1.031–1.042)

 < 0.0001*

1.037(1.032–1.043)

 < 0.0001*

 Respiratory rate, bpm

1.118(1.105–1.130)

 < 0.0001*

1.123(1.109–1.136)

 < 0.0001*

 Mean arterial pressure, mmHg

0.958(0.951–0.966)

< 0.0001*

0.958(0.950–0.966)

 < 0.0001*

Laboratory examinations

    

 Blood routine

    

  Leukocytes, # (N = 993), × 109/L

1.075(1.065–1.085)

 < 0.0001*

1.095(1.081–1.109)

 < 0.0001*

  Monocytes, % (N = 993)

0.822(0.793–0.852)

 < 0.0001*

0.816(0.787–0.847)

 < 0.0001*

  Neutrophils, % (N = 993)

1.106(1.091–1.120)

 < 0.0001*

1.107(1.092–1.121)

 < 0.0001*

  Eosinophils, % (N = 993)

0.298(0.224–0.395)

 < 0.0001*

0.301(0.227–0.398)

 < 0.0001*

  Hemoglobin (N = 993), g/L

0.994(0.989–1.000)

0.044*

0.993(0.987–0.998)

 < 0.0001*

Immune cells subsets

    

 Lymphocytes, # (N = 993), × 109/L

0.216(0.158–0.297)

 < 0.0001*

0.220(0.161–0.302)

 < 0.0001*

 CD3+CD19− T cells, # (N = 207), /μL

0.996(0.995–0.997)

< 0.0001*

0.996(0.995–0.997)

 < 0.0001*

 CD3+CD4+ T cells, # (N = 207), /μL

1.000(0.999–1.001)

0.786

1.000(0.999–1.001)

0.861

 CD3+CD8+ T cells, # (N = 207), /μL

0.989(0.986–0.992)

 < 0.0001*

0.989(0.985–0.992)

 < 0.0001*

 CD3−CD19+ B cells, # (N = 206), /μL

0.994(0.990–0.997)

0.001*

0.994(0.990–0.998)

0.002*

 CD3−CD16+CD56+ NK cells, # (N = 207), /μL

0.986(0.981–0.990)

 < 0.0001*

0.985(0.981–0.990)

 < 0.0001*

 T cells + B cells + NK cells, # (N = 207), /μL

0.997(0.997–0.998)

 < 0.0001*

0.997(0.996–0.998)

 < 0.0001*

Inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers

    

 IL-6 (N = 796), pg/mL

1.001(1.001–1.002)

 < 0.0001*

1.001(1.001–1.002)

 < 0.0001*

 IL-10 (N = 778), pg/mL

1.008(1.006–1.010)

 < 0.0001*

1.009(1.006–1.012)

 < 0.0001*

 IL-8 (N = 779), pg/mL

1.000(1.000–1.001)

 < 0.0001*

1.000(1.000–1.001)

 < 0.0001*

 TNF-α (N = 786), pg/mL

1.055(1.045–1.066)

 < 0.0001*

1.059(1.048–1.070)

 < 0.0001*

 IL-1β (N = 778), pg/mL

1.018(1.005–1.031)

0.007*

1.021(1.007–1.036)

0.004*

 IL-2R (N = 774), U/mL

1.001(1.001–1.001)

 < 0.0001*

1.001(1.001–1.001)

 < 0.0001*

 Ferritin (N = 602), μg/L

1.000(1.000–1.000)

< 0.0001*

1.000(1.000–1.000)

 < 0.0001*

 hs-CRP (N = 980), mg/L

1.010(1.008–1.011)

 < 0.0001*

1.010(1.008–1.011)

 < 0.0001*

 Procalcitonin (N = 890), ng/mL

1.051(1.036–1.066)

 < 0.0001*

1.051(1.036–1.067)

 < 0.0001*

Organ damage indexes

    

 ALT (N = 991), U/L

1.001(1.000–1.001)

0.002*

1.001(1.000–1.001)

0.002*

 AST (N = 991), U/L

1.001(1.000–1.001)

 < 0.0001*

1.001(1.000–1.001)

 < 0.0001*

 TBIL (N = 986), μmol/L

1.006(1.004–1.008)

 < 0.0001*

1.007(1.005–1.009)

 < 0.0001*

 ALB (N = 988), g/L

0.875(0.854–0.896)

< 0.0001*

0.874(0.853–0.895)

 < 0.0001*

 LDH (N = 950), U/L

1.003(1.002–1.003)

< 0.0001*

1.003(1.002–1.003)

 < 0.0001*

 ALP (N = 952), U/L

1.003(1.002–1.005)

 < 0.0001*

1.004(1.002–1.005)

 < 0.0001*

 Amylase (N = 486), U/L

1.002(1.000–1.004)

0.021*

1.002(1.000–1.004)

0.038*

 eGFR (N = 987), mL/(min*1.73 m2)

0.983(0.978–0.988)

 < 0.0001*

0.981(0.976–0.986)

 < 0.0001*

 Creatinine (N = 988), μmol/L

1.002(1.002–1.003)

 < 0.0001*

1.002(1.002–1.003)

 < 0.0001*

 NT-proBNP (N = 841), pg/mL

1.000(1.000–1.000)

 < 0.0001*

1.000(1.000–1.000)

 < 0.0001*

 CK-MB (N = 650), U/L

1.039(1.031–1.047)

< 0.0001*

1.048(1.036–1.060)

 < 0.0001*

 hs-cTnI (N = 905), pg/mL

1.000(1.000–1.000)

< 0.0001*

1.000(1.000–1.000)

 < 0.0001*

 Platelets, # (N = 988), × 109/L

0.994(0.992–0.995)

 < 0.0001*

0.994(0.992–0.995)

 < 0.0001*

 PT (N = 980), s

1.046(1.036–1.055)

 < 0.0001*

1.045(1.036–1.055)

 < 0.0001*

 APTT (N = 930), s

1.025(1.016–1.034)

 < 0.0001*

1.025(1.016–1.034)

 < 0.0001*

 D-Dimer (N = 971), μg/mL

1.129(1.113–1.144)

 < 0.0001*

1.131(1.115–1.147)

 < 0.0001*

 FDP (N = 765), g/L

1.018(1.016–1.020)

< 0.0001*

1.018(1.016–1.021)

 < 0.0001*

 PTA (N = 980), %

0.959(0.954–0.964)

 < 0.0001*

0.957(0.951–0.962)

 < 0.0001*

Metabolism indexes

    

 K+ (N = 993), mmol/L

1.538(1.295–1.826)

 < 0.0001*

1.540(1.291–1.837)

 < 0.0001*

 Ca2+ (N = 992), mmol/L

0.025(0.011–0.058)

 < 0.0001*

0.025(0.010–0.058)

 < 0.0001*

Blood gas characteristics

    

 PaO2 (N = 304), mmHg

0.958(0.949–0.967)

 < 0.0001*

0.956(0.947–0.966)

 < 0.0001*

 SaO2 (N = 304), %

0.956(0.949–0.963)

< 0.0001*

0.954(0.947–0.962)

 < 0.0001*

 PaCO2 (N = 304), mmHg

0.946(0.924–0.970)

 < 0.0001*

0.950(0.926–0.974)

 < 0.0001*

 Actual bicarbonate (N = 304), mmol/L

0.922(0.887–0.958)

 < 0.0001*

0.930(0.894–0.967)

 < 0.0001*

Score prediction

    

 SOFA score

1.340(1.276–1.408)

< 0.0001*

1.437(1.348–1.532)

 < 0.0001*

 qSOFA score

3.435(2.577–4.580)

 < 0.0001*

3.471(2.600–4.634)

 < 0.0001*

 APACHE II score

1.172(1.137–1.208)

 < 0.0001*

1.195(1.156–1.234)

 < 0.0001*

 SIRS score

1.854(1.567–2.194)

< 0.0001*

1.924(1.620–2.286)

 < 0.0001*

Complications

    

 ARDS

16.051(8.262–31.186)

 < 0.0001*

16.216(8.341–31.527)

 < 0.0001*

 Acute cardiac injury

11.435(8.543–15.307)

 < 0.0001*

13.023(9.678–17.524)

 < 0.0001*

 Heart failure

10.201(7.860–13.238)

< 0.0001*

10.722(8.227–13.974)

 < 0.0001*

 Acute kidney injury

5.957(4.707–7.539)

 < 0.0001*

6.063(4.759–7.724)

 < 0.0001*

 Hyperkalaemia

3.999(3.148–5.081)

 < 0.0001*

4.041(3.166–5.157)

 < 0.0001*

 Acidosis

2.658(2.007–3.520)

 < 0.0001*

2.621(1.965–3.495)

 < 0.0001*

 Acute liver injury

4.097(3.114–5.388)

 < 0.0001*

4.241(3.212–5.599)

 < 0.0001*

 DIC

5.682(4.209–7.672)

 < 0.0001*

5.819(4.281–7.910)

 < 0.0001*

  1. *P < 0.05
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BMC Infectious Diseases

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