Bacteria and viruses in the upper respiratory tract of Congolese children with radiologically confirmed pneumonia

BMC Infectious Diseases

Table 3 Clinical characteristics, risk factors and microbiological findings among the children with fatal outcome compared to improved children hospitalized due to radiologically confirmed pneumonia (n = 116)

Clinical characteristics/risk factors/microbiological findings		Outcome
		Dead (n = 11)	Improved (n = 104)	OR (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted p-value⁴
In hospital antibiotic treatment	Ceftriaxone + gentamicin	6 (55)	56 (54)	1.02 (0.29–3.58)	0.96
In hospital antibiotic treatment	Ampicillin + gentamicin	5 (45)	41 (39)	1.28 (0.36–4.47)	0.69
Nasal oxygen¹		10 (91)	89 (86)	1.68 (0.20–14.14)	0.63
Underlying conditions	Congenital diseases²	4 (36)	5 (5)	15.84 (3.22–77.86)	0.0007	0.004
Underlying conditions	Malnutrition³	2 (18)	9 (9)	2.34 (0.43–12.55)	0.31
Positive real-time PCR (Ct-values < 30)	Streptococcus pneumoniae	10 (91)	51 (49)	10.39 (1.28–84.12)	0.028	0.81
	Haemophilus influenzae	3 (27)	20 (19)	1.57 (0.38–6.47)	0.52
	Rhinovirus	3 (27)	31 (30)	0.88 (0.21–3.55)	0.86
	RSV	2 (18)	3 (3)	7.48 (1.10–50.76)	0.039	0.99
	At least one bacteria + at least one virus	3 (27)	24 (23)	1.25 (0.30–5.08)	0.75

Bold indicates result with p-value < 0.05 that was considered statistically significant
¹Nasal oxygen treatment = 0.5–2 L/min
²Congenital diseases = sickle cell disease (n = 2), congenital cardiac disorder (n = 1), cerebral palsy (n = 2), Down syndrome (n = 1) and HIV (n = 3)
³Malnutrition defined as weight for age or weight for height as a Z score ≤ − 2 standard deviations, determined by ENA for smart software 2011
⁴All factors with p < 0.2 in the univariabel analysis were included in the multivariable analysis: Congenital diseases, RSV and Streptococcus pneumoniae detected with Ct-value < 30

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