From: Quality of life in people living with HIV in Romania and Spain
PozQoL Health concerns | PozQoL Psychological | PozQoL Functional | PozQoL Social | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 95% CI | p value | Mean | 95% CI | p value | Mean | 95% CI | p value | Mean | 95% CI | p value | |
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||||||
Age (years): median (IQR) | 3.20 | 3.03–3.36 | 0.418 | 3.61 | 3.48–3.74 | 0.076 | 3.59 | 3.42–3.76 | 0.739 | 3.56 | 3.40–3.72 | 0.591 |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Men | 3.13 | 2.90–3.38 | 0.542 | 3.69 | 3.48–3.84 | 0.473 | 3.57 | 3.35–3.79 | 0.863 | 3.47 | 3.26–3.69 | 0.343 |
Women | 3.24 | 3.02–3.46 | 3.57 | 3.38–3.75 | 3.60 | 3.36–3.84 | 3.62 | 3.40–3.85 | ||||
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
Romanian | 3.29 | 3.11–3.46 | 0.004 | 3.71 | 3.57–3.85 | < 0.001 | 3.63 | 3.44–3.81 | 0.235 | 3.60 | 3.42–3.77 | 0.212 |
Roma | 2.69 | 2.34–3.04 | 3.02 | 2.72–3.32 | 3.38 | 3.04–3.73 | 3.33 | 2.96–3.71 | ||||
Sex orientation | ||||||||||||
Heterosexual | 3.22 | 3.05–3.28 | < 0.001 | 3.60 | 3.48–3.73 | < 0.001 | 3.60 | 3.42–3.77 | 0.004 | 3.56 | 3.40–3.72 | < 0.001 |
Homosexual/ bisexual | 1.44 | 0.57–2.32 | 3.42 | 1.69–5.13 | 3.00 | 2.34–3.66 | 3.78 | 2.24–5.31 | ||||
Educational level | ||||||||||||
No education | 3.07 | 2.29–3.86 | 0.946 | 2.81 | 2.33–3.28 | 0.001 | 3.07 | 2.36–3.79 | 0.365 | 3.37 | 2.62–4.12 | 0.918 |
Primary | 3.08 | 2.44–3.73 | 3.17 | 2.61–3.72 | 3.47 | 2.92–4.02 | 3.44 | 3.84–4.05 | ||||
Secondary | 3.19 | 3.10–3.39 | 3.62 | 3.47–3.77 | 3.57 | 3.37–3.77 | 3.56 | 3.37–3.76 | ||||
University + | 3.26 | 2.91–3.62 | 3.86 | 3.59–4.13 | 3.78 | 3.39–4.17 | 3.61 | 3.26–3.96 | ||||
Employment | ||||||||||||
Full- or part-time | 3.36 | 2.96–3.77 | 0.070 | 3.95 | 3.65–4.24 | 0.014 | 4.09 | 3.6–4.57 | < 0.001 | 4.01 | 3.64–4.39 | 0.002 |
Unemployed | 3.42 | 3.15–3.68 | 3.70 | 3.50–3.91 | 3.89 | 3.61–4.16 | 3.76 | 3.49–4.03 | ||||
Other (student, retired, disabled) | 3.03 | 2.81–3.26 | 3.46 | 3.27–3.65 | 3.30 | 3.09–3.52 | 3.33 | 3.12–3.56 | ||||
Stable housing | ||||||||||||
No | 3.20 | 2.93–3.46 | 0.878 | 3.54 | 3.33–3.75 | 0.366 | 3.71 | 3.46–3.96 | 0.240 | 3.63 | 3.39–3.86 | 0.474 |
Yes (own or rent) | 3.17 | 2.97–3.37 | 3.66 | 3.49–3.83 | 3.51 | 3.28–3.74 | 3.51 | 3.29–3.73 | ||||
Money for basic needs | ||||||||||||
Not always | 3.08 | 2.88–3.29 | 0.070 | 3.47 | 3.30–3.64 | 0.004 | 3.76 | 3.48–4.04 | 0.112 | 3.45 | 3.25–3.65 | 0.074 |
Always | 3.38 | 3.13–3.63 | 3.83 | 3.65–4.02 | 3.48 | 3.27–3.69 | 3.74 | 3.48–4.00 | ||||
HIV-related characteristics | ||||||||||||
Year of diagnosis | ||||||||||||
After 2010 | 3.23 | 2.76–3.70 | 0.689 | 3.44 | 3.15–3.73 | 0.494 | 3.36 | 2.93–3.78 | 0.190 | 3.51 | 3.13–3.90 | 0.650 |
1995–2010 | 3.12 | 2.88–3.36 | 3.65 | 3.44–3.85 | 3.50 | 3.23–3.78 | 3.49 | 3.23–2.76 | ||||
Before 1995 | 3.27 | 3.02–3.52 | 3.63 | 3.42–3.83 | 3.75 | 3.51–4.00 | 3.65 | 3.42–3.88 | ||||
ART status | ||||||||||||
No | 3.00 | – | 0.013 | 2.88 | 2.13–3.62 | 0.015 | 3.50 | 2.51–4.49 | 0.809 | 3.33 | 0.004 | |
Yes | 3.20 | 3.03–3.36 | 3.61 | 3.48–3.75 | 3.60 | 3.42–3.76 | 3.56 | 3.40–3.72 | ||||
Adherence to ART | ||||||||||||
Fully adherent | 3.14 | 2.93–3.34 | 0.451 | 3.71 | 3.56–3.87 | 0.372 | 3.59 | 3.37–3.81 | 0.630 | 3.57 | 3.38–3.77 | 0.359 |
Not fully adherent | 3.31 | 2.87–3.77 | 3.52 | 3.13–3.91 | 3.70 | 3.30–4.10 | 3.80 | 3.35–4.22 | ||||
Health-related characteristics | ||||||||||||
Self-rated health | ||||||||||||
Bad | 3.07 | 2.46–3.69 | 0.111 | 2.58 | 2.17–2.99 | < 0.001 | 3.33 | 2.84–3.82 | 0.001 | 3.44 | 2.85–4.05 | 0.029 |
Fair | 2.88 | 2.53–3.23 | 3.36 | 3.07–3.65 | 3.11 | 2.81–3.39 | 3.18 | 2.86–3.49 | ||||
Good | 3.30 | 3.12–3.49 | 3.76 | 3.61–3.90 | 3.76 | 3.55–4.0 | 3.68 | 3.50–3.87 | ||||
Physical health problems | ||||||||||||
No | 3.33 | 3.14–3.52 | 0.039 | 3.67 | 3.52–3.81 | 0.190 | 3.72 | 3.52–3.91 | 0.035 | 3.69 | 3.51–3.87 | 0.024 |
Yes | 2.94 | 2.64–3.25 | 3.44 | 3.14–3.74 | 3.29 | 3.0–3.62 | 3.25 | 2.93–3.58 | ||||
Mental health problems | ||||||||||||
No | 3.22 | 3.06–3.39 | 0.291 | 3.66 | 3.53–3.80 | 0.003 | 3.63 | 3.45–3.80 | 0.049 | 3.60 | 3.44–3.77 | 0.043 |
Yes | 2.82 | 2.10–3.54 | 2.75 | 2.21–3.29 | 3.03 | 2.48–3.58 | 2.88 | 2.23–3.53 | ||||
Total number of comorbidities | ||||||||||||
None | 3.25 | 3.07–3.43 | 0.258 | 3.69 | 3.54–3.82 | 0.011 | 3.65 | 3.46–3.83 | 0.185 | 3.62 | 3.44–3.79 | 0.259 |
1 | 3.02 | 2.59–3.46 | 3.56 | 3.19–3.94 | 3.44 | 2.98–3.90 | 3.35 | 2.88–3.83 | ||||
2 + | 3.02 | 2.50–3.55 | 2.90 | 2.40–3.41 | 3.33 | 2.83–3.83 | 3.41 | 2.85–3.97 | ||||
Polypharmacy | ||||||||||||
No | 3.24 | 3.06–3.41 | 0.134 | 3.67 | 3.53–3.81 | 0.008 | 3.62 | 3.43–3.79 | 0.380 | 3.62 | 3.46–3.79 | 0.048 |
Yes | 2.90 | 2.50–3.30 | 3.11 | 2.74–3.49 | 3.38 | 2.90–3.87 | 3.07 | 2.56–3.57 | ||||
Behavioral characteristics | ||||||||||||
Binge drinking | ||||||||||||
Weekly | 3.17 | 2.61–3.72 | 0.579 | 3.34 | 3.10–3.65 | 0.314 | 4.22 | 4.08–4.36 | < 0.001 | 3.44 | 2.86–4.02 | 0.099 |
Monthly | 2.76 | 2.14–3.38 | 3.80 | 3.34–4.25 | 3.21 | 2.74–3.68 | 2.73 | 2.09–3.36 | ||||
Less than once a month | 3.27 | 2.84–3.70 | 3.64 | 3.34–3.94 | 3.52 | 3.12–3.91 | 3.60 | 3.26–3.94 | ||||
Never | 3.21 | 3.02–3.40 | 3.59 | 3.43–3.75 | 3.60 | 3.39–3.80 | 3.62 | 3.43–3.81 | ||||
Tobacco use | ||||||||||||
No | 3.25 | 3.05–3.45 | 0.354 | 3.63 | 3.47–3.78 | 0.667 | 3.64 | 3.42–3.87 | 0.298 | 3.66 | 3.46–3.85 | 0.090 |
Yes | 3.09 | 2.82–3.35 | 3.56 | 3.32–3.81 | 3.48 | 3.25–3.71 | 3.37 | 3.10–3.64 | ||||
Injecting drugs use | ||||||||||||
Never | 3.18 | 3.02–3.35 | < 0.001 | 3.59 | 3.46–3.72 | < 0.001 | 3.57 | 3.40–3.74 | < 0.001 | 3.54 | 3.38–3.70 | < 0.001 |
Yes, previously | 4.33 | 3.33–5.34 | 4.42 | 4.09–4.74 | 4.11 | 2.67–5.55 | 4.78 | 4.34–5.22 | ||||
Yes, currently | 2.67 | – | 3.75 | – | 4.33 | – | 3.00 | – |