Author (year) | Location of study | Participants Number (n) Gender Age in years/mean age ± SD Period on ART Attrition rate | Intervention Number allocated Lost to follow-up (died) | Period of intervention | Outcome measure | Outcome tool | Theories and models of behaviour change used or adopted | Conclusion |
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Gross et al. (2019). [23] | Multinational: Brazil Haiti India Kenya Malawi South Africa Thailand Uganda Zimbabwe | N = 521 Male (272); female (249) Age: ≥ 18 years Has previously taken and had resistance to NRTI or NNRTI, who were currently accessing a second-line protease inhibitor-containing Regimen, which they had been on for at least 24 weeks with no previous darunavir or etravirine exposure Attrition rate = NR | G1: mobile text reminders (SMS reminder and flashback system once daily for 8 weeks, thrice weekly for another 8 weeks and then once weekly till the 48th week) Number allocated to g1: 257 The number lost to follow-up: 8 (11 died) G0: standard of care adherence support Number allocated to g0: 264 The number lost to follow-up: 12 (12 died) | 48 weeks | Medication adherence | Self-report adherence questionnaire | NR | Two-way adherence intervention did not show any clinically relevant benefit |
Ruan et al. (2017) [20] | China | N = 100 Male (59); female (41) Age: ≥ 18 years Has been on ART for not more than 3 months Attrition rate = NR | G1: mobile text reminder (SMS for 6 months + usual care) Number allocated to g1: 50 The number lost to follow-up: 3 (2 death and 1 withdrawal) G0: usual care which includes: regular health education in the clinic including informational pamphlets, psychological support and personalized health education from nurses and physicians) Number allocated to g0: 50 The number lost to follow-up: 3 (1 withdrawal) | 6 months | Medication adherence | CPCRA adherence self-report questionnaire VAS on a 100- point scale | Starks et al.’s 3-steps adherence model (centres on 3 steps: step 1- knowledge, step 2- motivation, step 3-proximal cue to action = medication adherence). The SMS intervention was developed based on this model | SMS showed significant efficacy in improving adherence to ART medication in people living with HIV |
Nsagha et al. (2016) [26] | Cameroon | N = 90 Male (35); female (55) Age: ≥ 18 years Has been on for at least 1 month Attrition rate = NR | G1: mobile text reminder (standard treatment and care + 4 times weekly educative SMS for 4 weeks) Number allocated to g1: 45 The number lost to follow-up: NR G0: standard treatment and care Number allocated to g0: 45 The number lost to follow-up: NR | 1 month | Medication adherence | Self- reported using an interviewer-administered questionnaire | NR | SMS significantly improved adherence to an antiretroviral, a key constraint that affects adherence to antiretroviral medication |
Sabin et al. (2015) [27] | China | N = 119 Male (76); female (43) Age: ≥ 18 years Has been receiving or initiating ART for the first time Attrition rate = NR | G1: (comprised of suboptimal adherence group < 90% medication adherence and optimal adherence group > 90% medication adherence) received, real-time SMS reminder triggered by a 30 min delay in medication + adherence counselling Number allocated to g1: 63 The number lost to follow-up: 1 G0: (comprised of suboptimal adherence group < 90% medication adherence and optimal adherence group > 90% medication adherence) received, usual care + adherence counselling Number allocated to g0: 56 The number lost to follow-up: 2 | 6 months | Medication adherence | Wise-pill device | NR | The use of triggered SMS reminders significantly improved antiretroviral therapy adherence in the HIV population |
Moore et al. (2014) [24] | USA | N = 58 Male (44); female (6) The gender of 8 participants who were not included in the analysis was not reported Age: ≥ 18 Has been on ART, period not specified Attrition rate = NR | G1: psychoeducation + daily text message medication reminder and mood inquiries for 30 days Number allocated to g1: 30 The number lost to follow-up: 0 G0: standard of care adherence psychoeducation and daily text mood inquiries Number allocated to g0: 28 The number lost to follow-up: 2 | 30 days | Medication adherence | MEMS Self-reported adherence using VAS | Theory of planned behaviour which posits That behaviour is driven by behavioural intentions and that Individual motivational factors interact with cognitive Impairment, mood disruption, and substance use to create Both intentional and unintentional nonadherence. The SMS intervention was constructed based on this theory | Daily contact via text messaging is feasible even in difficult populations. Text messaging in conjunction with psychoeducation improves ART doses timing in a group of individuals who are at high risk for nonadherence to important medications (ART) Both groups showed high levels of overall 30-day MEMS adherence but did not significantly differ for ARV medication adherence |
Maduka and Tobin-West., (2013) [22] | Nigeria | N = 104 Male (45); female (59) Age: ≥ 20 Has been on HAART for at least 3 months before enrollment Attrition rate = NR | G1: adherence counselling (one-on-one monthly for 4 months) and text message reminder (twice weekly for 4 months) via an internet-based bulk SMS facility—‘light edge SMS’ powered by light edge systems Number allocated to g1: 52 The number lost to follow-up: 2 G0: standard care Number allocated to g0: 52 The number lost to follow-up: 8 | 4 months | Medication adherence | Self-reported adherence questionnaire | NR | A combination of counselling and text message reminders significantly improved drug adherence among non-adherent HIV patients on HAART |
Mbuagbaw et al. (2012) [21] | Cameroon | N = 200 Male (53); female (147) Age: ≥ 21 years Has been on ART for at least 1 month Attrition rate = NR | G1: mobile text reminder (motivational SMS; weekly for 6 months + usual care) Number allocated to g1: 101 The number lost to follow-up before phone prompt: 59 The number lost to follow-up after phone prompt: 21 G0: usual care (regular ART counselling and home visits) Number allocated to g0: 99 The number lost to follow-up before phone prompt:57 The number lost to follow-up after phone prompt: 21 | 6 months | Medication adherence Quality of life | VAS Self-report Pharmacy refill data SF-12 QOL assessment form | Health belief model. The SMS intervention was designed based on a focus group discussion and this model | There was no significant improvement in the quality of life nor adherence to ART after 6 months of SMS intervention However, sensitivity analysis showed a slight improvement in medication adherence in the intervention group compared to the control group |
da costa et al. (2012) [18] | Brazil | N = 29 Male (0); female (29) Age: 34.62 ± 6.92 Patients on first or second ART regimen Attrition rate = NR | G1: mobile text reminder (SMS messages; 5 times a week for 4 months) Number allocated to g1: 14 The number lost to follow-up: 1 (5 participants did not receive allocated intervention) G0: no SMS intervention Number allocated to g0: 15 The number lost to follow-up: 2 | 4 months | Medication adherence | Self-reported adherence questionnaire Pill counting MEM | NR | No significant change in the three outcome measures for medication adherence was reported However, the intervention stimulated more participants in the intervention group to be adherent to their treatment for at least 4 months of the study period |
Pop-eleches et al. (2011) [25] | Kenya | N = 431 Male (148); female (280) The gender of 3 participants who were not included in the analysis due to faulty MEMS were not reported Age: > 18 years Initiated ART for less than 3 months before enrollment Attrition rate = NR | G1: mobile text reminder (SMS; either short or long messages at daily or weekly frequency for 48 weeks) The number of patients excluded due to faulty MEMS: 3 Number allocated to short daily messages: 70 The number lost to follow-up: 18.6% Number allocated to long daily messages: 72 The number lost to follow-up: 16.7% Number allocated to short weekly messages: 72 The number lost to follow-up: 22% Number allocated to long weekly messages:74 The number lost to follow-up: 10.8% G0: no intervention Number allocated to g0: 139 The number lost to follow-up: 14.4% | 48 weeks | Medication adherence | Medication event monitoring system (MEMS) | NR | There was a significant change due to the intervention on the participants who received weekly SMS reminders but no significant change was found in those participants who received daily SMS reminders nor the control group |
Lester et al. (2010) [19] | Kenya | N = 538 Male (187); female (351) Age: > 18 years Initiating ART for the first time Attrition rate = 21% | G1: mobile text reminder (SMS support service; weekly for 12 months) Number allocated to g1: 273 The number lost to follow-up: 17 G0: standard care Number allocated to g0: 265 The number lost to follow-up: 27 | 12 months | Medication adherence | Self-reported adherence questionnaire | NR | SMS intervention in PLWH significantly improved adherence to ART compared to patients who received the standard care alone |