Authors (year) | Country | Sample size | Death | Mean (± SD) /Median [IQR] of age | Males N (%) | CVD N (%) | DM N (%) | HT N (%) | COPD N (%) | Cancer N (%) | OR or HR (95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albitar et al. [51] | Asian | 828 | 219 | 49.4 (20.9) a | 489 (59.1) | 23 (2.8) | 62 (7.5) | 90 (10.9) | NA | NA | Age: Old: aOR = 1.08 (1.06–1.09) Sex: Male: aOR = 1.61 (1.01–2.58) HT: Yes: aOR = 3.58(1.69–7.55) |
Al‐Salameh et al. [52] | France | 432 | 89 | 72.0 (14.3) a | 238 (55.1) | 148 (34.3) | 115 (26.6) | 255 (59.0) | 39 (9.02) | NA | Obese: Yes: aOR = 1.78 (1.06–3.00) Cardiac disease: Yes: aOR = 2.01 (1.13–3.58) |
Barman et al. [50] | Turkey | 607 | 103 | 69.3 (12.5) a | 334 (55.0) | NA | 192 (31.6) | 266 (43.8) | 73 (12.0) | NA | Age: Old: aOR = 1.03 (1.01–1.05) HT: Yes: aOR = 1.26 (0.60–2.62) DM: Yes: aOR = 1.39 (0.89–2.17) Cardiac injury: Yes: aOR = 10.58 (2.42–46.27) |
Berenguer et al. [49] | Spain | 4035 | 1131 | 70 [56–80] | 2433 (61.0) | 932 (23.3) | 871 (21.8) | 2052 (51.2) | 715 (17.9) | NA | Age: Old: aHR = 2.72 (1.74–4.23) Sex: Male: aHR = 1.29 (1.13–1.49) HT: Yes: aHR = 1.22 (1.05–1.40) Obese: Yes: aHR = 1.53 (1.28–1.84) Cancer: Yes: aHR = 1.49 (1.24–1.79) |
Caliskan and Saylan [82] | Turkey | 565 | 75 | 48 (19.67) | NA | NA | 72 (12.7) | 128 (22.7) | 37 (6.5) | NA | Age: Old: aOR = 1.05 (1.03–1.11) Smoking: Yes: aHR = 6.51 (2.73–15.5) COPD: Yes: aOR = 3.21 (1.22–8.43) |
Chen et al. [46] | China | 1590 | 50 | 69 [51–86] | 904 (56.8) | 30 (1.9) | 130 (8.2) | 269 (16.9) | 24 (1.5) | NA | Age: Old: aHR = 3.43 (1.24–9.50) CVD: Yes: aHR = 3.10 (1.07–8.94) |
Chen et al. [47] | China | 1859 | 208 | 59 [45–68] | 925 (50) | NA | 262 (14) | 579 (31) | 61 (3) | 69 (4) | Age: Old: aHR = 1.04 (1.03–1.06) Smoking: Yes: aHR = 1.84 (1.17–2.92) D-dimer: High: aHR = 3.00 (2.17–4.16) |
Chen et al. [48] | China | 3309 | 307 | 62 [51–69] | 1642 (51.5) | 242 (7.3) | 464 (14) | 988 (29.9) | 42 (1.3) | NA | Age: Old: aOR = 9.08 (4.44–18.59) Sex: Female: aOR = 0.44 (0.34–0.58) HT: Yes: aOR = 1.14(0.87–1.50) DM: Yes: OR = 0.87(0.70–1.36) CVD: Yes: aOR = 1.41(0.94–2.13) COPD: Yes: aOR = 1.72(0.80–3.71) Kidney disease: Yes: aOR = 2.85(1.42–5.73) |
Chilimuri et al. [45] | USA | 375 | 160 | 63 [52–72] | 236 (63) | 62 (17) | 175 (47) | 225 (60) | NA | NA | Age: Old: aOR = 1.04 (1.01–1.06) CVD: Yes: aOR = 1.56 (0.78–3.11) HT: Yes: aOR = 2.43 (1.57–3.77) DM: Yes: aOR = 1.96 (1.29–2.98) D-dimer: High: aOR = 3.16 (1.75–5.73) |
Colombi et al. [55] | Italy | 236 | 108 | 68 [66–70] | 177 (75) | 127 (54) | 37 (16) | NA | NA | 35 (15) | Age: Old: aOR = 3.4 (1.7–6.6) Cancer: Yes: aOR = 3.5 (1.6–7.7) CVD: Yes: aOR = 3.7 (1.9–7.3) |
Cummings et al. [71] | USA | 257 | 101 | 62 [51–72] | 171 (67) | 49 (19) | 92 (36) | 162 (63) | 24 (9) | NA | Age: Old: aHR = 1.31 (1.09–1.57) Sex: Male: aHR = 1.13 (0.71–1.81) HT: Yes: aHR = 1.58 (0.89–2.81) DM: Yes: aHR = 1.31(0.81–2.10) COPD: Yes: aHR = 2.94 (1.48–5.84) Increase D-dimer: aHR = 1.10 (1.01–1.19) Cardiac disease: Yes: aHR = 1.76 (1.08–2.86) |
Du et al. [44] | China | 179 | 21 | 57.6 (13.7) a | 97 (54.2) | 29 (16.2) | 33 (18.4) | 58 (32.4) | NA | 2 (2.2) | Age: Old: aOR = 3.77 (1.20–11.80) CVD: Yes: aOR = 2.46 (1.28–4.75) Cardiac disease: Yes: aOR = 4.07 (1.78–9.35) |
Fabio et al. [43] | Italy | 410 | 95 | 65 [56–75] | 299 (72.9) | 51 (12.6) | 69 (17.0) | 203 (49.9) | 22 (5.4) | 22 (5.4) | Age: Old: aHR = 3.17 (1.84–5.44) Cancer: Yes: aHR = 2.32 (1.15–4.64) DM: Yes: aHR = 1.51 (0.96–2.05) |
Grasselli et al. [42] | Italy | 3988 | 1926 | 63 [55–69] | 3188 (79.9) | 538 (13.5) | 514 (12.9) | 1643 (41.2) | 93 (2.3) | 331 (8.3) | Age: Old: aHR = 1.75 (1.60–1.92) Sex: Men: aHR = 1.57 (1.31–1.88) HT: Yes: aHR = 0.99 (0.81–1.22) DM: Yes: aHR = 1.18 (1.01–1.39) COPD: Yes: aHR = 1.68 (1.28–2.19) |
Guan et al. [41] | China | 1590 | 131 | 48.9 (16.3) a | 904 (57.3) | 59 (3.7) | 130 (8.2) | 269 (16.9) | 24 (1.5) | 18 (1.1) | HT: Yes: aHR = 1.58 (1.07–2.32) DM: Yes: aHR = 1.59 (1.03–2.45) COPD: Yes: aHR = 2.68 (1.42–5.05) Cancer: Yes: aHR = 3.50 (1.60–7.64) |
Hernández-Galdamez et al. [40] | Mexico | 211,003 | 7135 | 45.7 (16.3) a | 115,442 (54.7) | 4949 (2.35) | 34,685 (16.4) | 42,453 (20.1) | 3721 (1.8) | NA | DM: Yes: aOR = 1.69 (1.63–1.74) COPD: Yes: aOR = 1.20 (1.11–1.30) Obese: Yes: aOR = 1.42 (1.37–1.47) Kidney disease: Yes: aOR = 2.31 (2.15–2.48) HT: Yes: aOR = 1.24 (1.20–1.28) |
Klang et al. [39] | USA | 3406 | 1076 | 76.0 [67–84] | 1961 (57.6) | 513 (15.1) | 1599 (46.9) | 2299 (67.5) | NA | 530 (15.6) | Age: Old: aOR = 1.70 (1.60–1.80) Sex: Male: aOR = 1.40 (1.20–1.60) Obese: Yes: aOR = 1.60 (1.20–2.30) DM: Yes: aOR = 1.40 (1.20–1.70) Kidney disease: Yes: aOR = 1.70 (1.20–2.10) |
Kuderer et al. [38] | USA | 928 | 121 | 66 [57–76] | 468 (50.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 294 (31.7) | Age: Old: aOR = 1.84 (1.53–2.21) Sex: Male: aOR = 1.63 (1.07–2.48) Smoking: Yes: aOR = 1.60 (1.03–2.47) Cancer: Yes: aOR = 1.79 (1.09–2.95) |
Lee et al. [37] | Korea | 98 | 20 | 72 [68–79] | 44 (44.9) | 16 (16.3) | 27 (27.6) | 52 (53.1) | NA | 11 (11.2) | Sex: Male: aOR = 3.70 (1.29–11.11) HT: Yes: aOR = 1.95 (1.56–2.80) DM: Yes: aOR = 4.74 (1.68–13.38) |
Lee et al.[36] | UK | 800 | 226 | 69 [59–76] | 449 (56) | 109 (14) | 131 (16) | 247 (31) | 61 (8) | NA | Age: Old: aOR = 9.42 (6.56–10.02) Sex: Male: aOR = 1.67 (1.19–2.34) HT: Yes: aOR = 1.95 (1.36–2.80) DM: Yes: aOR = 1.61 (1.03–2.48) CVD: Yes: aOR = 2.32 (1.47–3.64) COPD: Yes: aOR = 1.80 (1.01–3.27) |
Li et al. [35] | China | 548 | 87 | 60 [48–69] | 276 (50.9) | 34 (6.2) | 83 (15.1) | 166 (30.3) | 17 (3.1) | 24 (4.7) | Age: Old: aHR = 1.72 (1.05–2.85) Sex: Male: aHR = 1.72 (1.09–2.73) Cardiac injury: Yes: aHR = 2.92 (1.80–4.76) |
Lim et al. [34] | Korea | 160 | 44 | 67 [24–92] | 86 (53.8) | 21 (13.1) | 50 (31.3) | 78 (48.1) | NA | NA | Age: Old: aHR = 1.04 (1.01–1.07) Kidney disease: Yes: aHR = 3.62 (1.75–7.48) Sex: Male: aHR = 0.61 (0.32–1.16) HT: Yes: aHR = 1.34 (0.71–2.52) DM: Yes: aHR = 1.35 (0.72–2.56) |
Mehra et al. [33] | North America, Asia and Europe | 8910 | 515 | 49.0 (16.0) a | 5339 (59.9) | NA | 1272 (14.3) | 2349 (26.3) | 225 (2.5) | NA | Age: Old: aOR = 1.93 (1.60–2.41) Sex: Male: aOR = 1.26 (1.05–1.54) COPD: Yes: aOR = 2.96 (2.00–4.40) Smoking: Yes: aOR = 1.79 (1.29–2.47) CVD: Yes: aOR = 2.48 (1.62–2.47) |
Mikami et al. [32] | USA | 6493 | 858 | 59 [43, 72] | 3538 (54.5) | NA | 1151 (17.7) | 1637 (25.2) | 176 (2.7) | 413 (6.4) | Age: Old: aHR = 4.85 (2.75–8.56) Sex: Male: aHR = 1.22 (1.11–1.33) HT: Yes: aHR = 0.91 (0.79–1.07) DM: Yes: aHR = 0.92 (0.73–1.16) Cancer: Yes: aHR = 1.08 (0.84–1.40) D-dimer: High: aHR = 1.19 (1.02–1.39) |
Palaiodimos et al. [31] | USA | 200 | 48 | 64 [50–74] | 98 (49) | 22 (11) | 79 (39.5) | 152 (76) | 28 (14) | NA | Age: Old: aOR = 1.73 (1.25–5.98) Sex: Male: aOR = 2.74 (1.25–5.93) DM: Yes: aOR = 1.16 (0.55–2.44) BMI: Obese: aOR = 3.78 (1.45–9.83) COPD: Yes: aOR = 2.05 (0.76–5.51) |
Parra-Bracamonte et al. [30] | Mexico | 142,690 | 16,872 | 44 [33–56] | 79,280 (56) | NA | 23,803 (17) | 28,874 (20) | 2655 (2) | NA | Age: Old: aOR = 3.73 (2.99–4.65) Sex: Male: aOR = 1.45 (1.39–1.50) HT: Yes: aOR = 1.24 (1.19–1.29) DM: Yes: aOR = 1.28 (1.24–1.34) COPD: Yes: aOR = 1.26 (1.15–1.38) Obese: Yes: aOR = 1.23 (1.17–1.28) Kidney disease: Yes: aOR = 1.8 (1.66–1.96) |
Petrilli et al. [29] | USA | 5279 | 665 | 54 [38–66] | 2615 (49.5) | 2752 (52.1) | 1195 (22.6) | 2256 (42.7) | 786 (14.9) | 403 (7.6) | Age: Old: aHR = 7.69 (4.60–12.84) Sex: Male: aHR = 1.27 (1.08–1.50) HT: Yes: aHR = 0.94 (0.76–1.16) Obese: Yes: aHR = 1.41 (0.98–2.01) DM: Yes: aHR = 1.10 (0.93–1.31) COPD: Yes: aHR = 0.93 (0.76–1.15) Cancer: Yes: aHR = 1.31 (1.05–1.62) Kidney disease: Yes: aHR = 1.18 (0.97–1.43) |
Pettit et al. [28] | USA | 238 | 24 | 58.5 (17.0) a | 113 (47.5) | 51 (21.4) | 68 (28.6) | 126 (52.9) | NA | 27 (11.3) | Age: Old: aOR = 3.6 (2.0–6.3) Obese: Yes: aOR = 1.7 (1.1–2.8) |
Price-Haywood et al. [27] | Australia | 3481 | 326 | 55.5 (18.5) a | 1394 (40.0) | NA | 566 (16.3) | 1074 (30.8) | 79 (2.3) | 158 (4.5) | Age: Old: aOR = 1.19 (1.13–1.24) Sex: Male: aOR = 1.61 (1.28–2.04) Obese: Yes: aOR = 1.05 (0.83–1.34) |
Priyank et al. [26] | USA | 522 | 92 | 63 [50–72] | 218 (41.8) | 70 (13.4) | 221 (42.3) | 416 (79.7) | 47 (9) | 48 (9.2) | Age: Old: aOR = 3.1 (1.7–5.6) Sex: Male: aOR = 2.44 (1.43–4.17) HT: Yes: aOR = 3.36 (1.3–8.6) DM: Yes: aOR = 1.51 (0.9–2.6) COPD: Yes: aOR = 1.48 (0.65–3.34) Kidney disease: Yes: aOR = 1.08 (0.51–2.28) Cancer: Yes: aOR = 0.48 (0.20–1.10) |
Regalado-Artamendi et al. [74] | Spain | 177 | 61 | 70 [56–77] | 99 (55.9) | NA | 33 (18.6) | 73 (41.2) | NA | NA | Age: Old: aHR = 1.05 (1.03–1.07) Sex: Male: aHR = 1.07 (0.65–1.77) HT: Yes: aHR = 1.79 (1.09–2.96) DM: Yes: aHR = 1.13 (0.60–2.10) Kidney disease: Yes: aHR = 2.36 (1.04–5.38) D-dimer: High: aOR = 1.26 (1.01–1.56) |
Rivera-Izquierdo et al. [25] | Spain | 238 | 61 | 64.7 (15.4)a | 131 (55.0) | 54 (22.7) | 52 (21.9) | 116 (48.7) | NA | NA | Age: Old: aHR = 1.09 (1.07–1.11) Sex: Male: aHR = 1.34 (0.80–2.27) DM: Yes: aHR = 2.33 (1.38–3.94) |
Shi et al. [23] | China | 416 | 57 | 64 [21–95] | 205 (49.3) | 44 (10.6) | 60 (14.4) | 127 (30.5) | 12 (2.9) | 9 (2.2) | Age: Old: aHR = 1.02 (0.99–1.05) CVD: Yes: aHR = 1.51 (0.70–3.30) COPD: Yes: aHR = 0.37 (0.04–3.50) Cardiac disease: Yes: aHR = 4.26 (1.92–9.49) |
Soares et al. [22] | Brazil | 10,713 | 821 | NA | 4804 (44.8) | 2541 (23.7) | 1100 (10.3) | NA | NA | NA | Age: Old: aOR = 3.95 (2.95–5.33) CVD: Yes: aOR = 2.02 (1.59–2.57) DM: Yes: aOR = 1.68 (1.10–3.09) |
Su et al. [54] | China | 172 | 32 | 71.6 (11.0) a | 121 (70.3) | 21 (12.2) | 18 (10.5) | 18 (11) | 6 (3.4) | 3 (1.7) | HT: Yes: OR = 3.5 (1.1–10.8) DM: Yes: OR = 1.9 (0.6–5.5) Sex: Male: OR = 1.53 (0.75–3.13) CVD: Yes: OR = 5.1 (1.7–15.5) |
van Gerwen et al. [21] | USA | 3703 | 616 | 56.8 (18.2) a | 2049 (55.3) | 292 (7.9) | 1045 (28.2) | 1643 (44.4) | 172 (4.6) | 312 (8.4) | Age: Old: aOR = 5.29 (2.51–11.15) Sex: Male: aOR = 1.46 (1.17–1.82) HT: Yes: aOR = 1.87 (1.53–2.29) DM: Yes: aOR = 1.62 (1.34–1.96) CVD: Yes: aOR = 1.47 (1.06–2.02) Smoking: Yes: aOR = 1.06 (0.66–1.72) |
Wang et al. [20] | China | 339 | 65 | 69 [65–76] | 166 (49) | 53 (15.7) | 54 (16) | 138 (40.8) | 21 (6.2) | 15 (4.4) | Age: Old: aHR = 1.06 (1.03–1.09) CVD: Yes: aHR = 1.85 (1.06–3.26) COPD: Yes: aHR = 2.24 (1.12–4.97) |
Wu et al. [53] | China | 201 | 44 | 51 [43–60] | 128 (64) | 8 (4) | 22 (11) | 39 (19.4) | NA | 1 (0.5) | Age: Old: HR = 6.17 (3.26–11.67) HT: Yes: HR = 1.70 (0.92–3.14) DM: Yes: HR = 1.58 (0.80–3.13) D-dimer: High: HR = 1.02 (1.01–1.04) |
Xu et al. [19] | China | 239 | 147 | 62.5 (13.3)a | 143 (59.8) | NA | 44 (18.4) | 105 (43.9) | NA | NA | Age: Old: aHR = 1.57 (1.12–2.19) Cardiac injury: Yes: aHR = 0.88(0.57–1.34) Kidney disease: Yes: aHR = 2.06 (1.36–3.10) |
Yao et al. [18] | China | 248 | 17 | 63.0 (13.4)a | NA | NA | 44 (17.7) | 78 (31.5) | NA | NA | Age: Old: aOR = 1.04 (0.98–1.10) D-dimer: High: aOR = 10.17 (1.10–29.38) |
Yu et al. [83] | China | 1464 | 212 | 64 [51–71] | 736 (51.3) | 47 (3.2) | 211 (14.4) | 306 (20.9) | 50 (3.4) | 17 (1.2) | Sex: Male: aOR = 1.97 (1.29–2.99) Age: Old: aOR = 2.15 (1.35–3.43) HT: Yes: aOR = 1.08 (0.68–1.72) DM: Yes: aOR = 2.34 (1.45–3.76) |
Zhou et al. [17] | China | 191 | 54 | 56 [46–67] | 119 (62) | 15 (8) | 36 (19) | 58 (30) | 6 (3) | NA | Age: Old: aOR = 1.10 (1.03–1.17) D-dimer: High: aOR = 18.42(2.64–29.39) |