Table 2 Associations of clinical characteristics with the severity of COVID-19 in the training set

Number

21

72

11

Demographic characteristics

 Age (years)

30.0 (14.5–40.5)

44.5 (34.3–57.0)

60.0 (45.0–72.0)

1.07 (1.04–1.11)

 Female

8 (38.1)

44 (61.1)

5 (45.5)

1.52 (0.66–3.48)

 BMI (kg/m²)

21.2 (18.1–25.4)

22.5 (20.4–25.1)

23.4 (20.4–24.0)

1.08 (0.96–1.22)

 Comorbidity^b

1 (4.8)

15 (20.8)

7 (63.6)

8.09 (2.46–26.55)

Clinical symptoms

 Fever

10 (47.6)

49 (68.1)

10 (90.9)

3.11(1.26–7.66)

 Fatigue

0 (0)

5 (6.9)

1 (9.1)

2.89(0.49–16.95)

 Cough

7 (33.3)

34 (47.2)

5 (45.5)

1.47(0.64–3.39)

 Expectoration

2 (9.5)

5 (6.9)

2 (18.2)

1.51(0.34–6.65)

 Shortness of breath

1 (4.8)

6 (8.3)

1 (9.1)

1.51(0.32–7.22)

 Diarrhoea

1 (4.8)

1 (1.4)

0 (0)

0.23(0.01–3.72)

 Myalgia

1 (4.8)

1 (1.4)

0 (0)

0.23(0.01–3.72)

Laboratory tests

 WBC count (< 3.5 × 10⁹/L)

1 (4.8)

5 (6.9)

2 (18.2)

2.66 (0.56–12.66)

 Lymphocyte count (< 1.1 × 10⁹/L)

5 (23.8)

31 (43.1)

7 (63.6)

2.73 (1.11–6.68)

 Eosinophil count (< 0.02 × 10⁹/L)

4 (19.0)

39 (54.2)

9 (81.8)

5.63 (2.08–15.18)

 Platelet count (< 125 × 10⁹/L)

0 (0)

5 (6.9)

3 (27.3)

7.52 (1.62–34.98)

 CRP (> 10 mg/L)

2 (9.5)

30 (41.7)

10 (90.9)

12.08(3.38–43.21)

 LDH (> 250 U/L)

0 (0)

10 (14.1)

6 (54.5)

11.55 (3.14–42.52)

 SAA (> 10 mg/L)

11 (52.4)

60 (83.3)

11 (100)

5.97 (2.13–16.67)

 Calcium (< 2.2 mmol/L)

0 (0)

19 (27.5)

9 (81.8)

22.69 (4.77–108.01)

 Potassium (< 3.5 mmol/L)

4 (19.0)

20 (27.8)

3 (27.3)

1.38 (0.53–3.56)

 Phosphorus (< 0.81 mmol/L)

0 (0)

14 (20.3)

3 (27.3)

3.58 (1.10–11.6)

 Chlorine (< 99 mmol/L)

0 (0)

9 (12.5)

2 (18.2)

3.36 (0.85–13.24)

 Sodium (< 137 mmol/L)

6 (28.6)

25 (34.7)

7 (63.6)

2.17(0.89–5.28)

 ALB (< 40 g/L)

3 (14.3)

30 (41.7)

11 (100)

12.12(3.41–43.11)

 ALB/GLB (< 1.2)

0 (0)

18 (25.0)

7 (63.6)

10.34 (2.98–35.85)

 PALB (< 180 mg/L for females and < 200 mg/L for males)

7 (35.0)

49 (74.2)

11 (100)

7.70 (2.74–21.68)

 TG (> 1.7 mmol/L)

5 (23.8)

13 (18.1)

3 (27.3)

0.98 (0.35–2.73)

 TC (< 3 mmol/L)

0 (0)

3 (4.2)

2 (18.2)

7.41 (1.16–47.21)

 HDL-C (< 1.1 mmol/L for females and < 1.04 mmol/L for males)

4 (19.0)

32 (44.4)

8 (72.7)

4.06 (1.57–10.52)

 RBP (< 23 mg/L)

5(25.0)

36(54.5)

8 (80.0)

4.20 (1.60–11.03)

 Apo A1 (< 1 g/L)

10 (50.0)

43 (65.2)

10 (100)

3.20 (1.26–8.15)

 GLB (> 40 g/L)

0 (0)

3 (4.2)

0 (0)

1.48 (0.12–17.76)

 FIB (> 3.5 g/L)

4 (19.0)

30 (41.7)

9 (81.8)

5.00 (1.84–13.54)

 D-dimer (> 0.55 mg/L)

2 (9.5)

12 (16.7)

6 (54.5)

4.91 (1.57–15.41)

 SaO₂ (≤ 93%)

0 (0)

4 (5.7)

3 (27.3)

8.33 (1.64–42.30)

 PaO₂/FiO₂ (≤ 300 mmHg)

0 (0)

4 (5.7)

3 (27.3)

8.33 (1.64–42.30)

 PaCO₂ (< 35 mmHg)

1 (6.2)

6 (8.6)

3 (27.3)

3.43 (0.82–14.41)

 ALT (> 40 U/L for females and > 50 U/L for males)

4 (19.0)

6 (8.3)

2 (18.2)

0.68 (0.19–2.41)

 AST (> 35 U/L for females and > 40 U/L for males)

4 (19.0)

8 (11.1)

5 (45.5)

2.16 (0.69–6.78)

 ADA (> 15 U/L)

1 (5.0)

4 (6.1)

4 (40.0)

7.95 (1.79–35.24)

 γ-GTP (> 45 U/L for females and > 60 U/L for males)

2 (33.3)

5 (12.2)

1 (14.3)

0.43 (0.08–2.46)

 Troponin T (> 0.014 ng/mL)

1 (10.0)

2(4.3)

2 (25.0)

3.24 (0.46–22.65)

 Serum iron(< 7.8umol/L for females and > 10.6 umol/L for males)

3 (30.0)

17 (40.5)

5 (71.4)

2.64 (0.79–8.78)

 Serum creatinine (> 81 umol/L for females and > 111 umol/L for males)

0 (0)

4 (5.6)

1 (9.1)

3.26 (0.48–21.97)

 Urine creatinine (< 2470umol/L for females and < 3450 umol/L for males)

1 (9.1)

3 (5.7)

0 (0)

0.49 (0.05–4.44)

 Reduced haemoglobin (> 7%)

0 (0)

4(5.7)

3(27.3)

8.33 (1.64–42.30)

 Lactate (> 1.6 mmol/L)

4(25.0)

14(20.0)

3(27.3)

1.01 (0.35–2.94)

 IgG (> 16 g/L)

0 (0)

3 (5.4)

1 (12.5)

4.45 (0.53–37.11)

 GPDA (< 44 U/L)

0 (0)

1 (1.5)

0 (0)

1.51 (0.02–105.39)

 FFA (> 769 umol/L)

1 (5.0)

3 (4.5)

0 (0)

0.60 (0.08–4.67)

 β2-microglobulin (> 3 mg/L)

0 (0)

6 (8.5)

1 (9.1)

2.65 (0.51–13.83)

 Uric acid (< 154.7umol/L for females and < 208.3 umol/L for males)

1 (4.8)

7 (9.7)

2 (18.2)

2.39 (0.58–9.89)

 eGFR (< 90 ml/min)

1 (4.8)

16 (22.2)

3 (27.3)

2.66 (0.89–7.96)

 DBIL (> 6.84 umol/L)

5 (23.8)

15 (20.8)

5 (45.5)

1.64 (0.61–4.37)