Table 1 Baseline characteristics of people living with HIV screened for diabetes in South Africa
|  | Overall | HbA1c ≤ 5.6% | HbA1c 5.7–6.4% | HbA1c ≥ 6.5% | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1207) N (%) or mean ± SD | (n = 968) N (%) or mean ± SD | (n = 213) N (%) or mean ± SD | (n = 26) N (%) or mean ± SD | ||
Sociodemographics | |||||
 Male | 536 (44.4) | 430 (44.4) | 94 (44.1) | 12 (46.2) | 0.981 |
 Age (years) | 31.3 ± 9.5 | 32.5 ± 9.0 | 35.1 ± 10.5 | 43.0 + 11.4 |  < 0.001 |
 Zulu or Xhosa (n = 1205) | 1187 (98.5) | 954 (98.8) | 208 (97.7) | 24 (96.2) | 0.151 |
 Married | 63 (5.2) | 44 (4.6) | 17 (8.0) | 2 (7.7) | 0.106 |
 Completed high school or higher degree | 733 (60.7) | 588 (60.7) | 133 (62.4) | 12 (46.2) | 0.276 |
 Employed ≥ 20 h/week | 250 (20.7) | 206 (21.3) | 39 (18.3) | 5 (19.2) | 0.615 |
 Income < 2000 ZAR/month (n = 1203) | 727 (60.4) | 589 (61.1) | 120 (56.3) | 18 (69.2) | 0.284 |
 Food insecure (mild, moderate, severe) | 12 (1.0) | 10 (1.0) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.1.00 |
 < 5 km from clinic | 804 (66.7) | 633 (65.5) | 153 (71.8) | 18 (69.2) | 0.195 |
 Current smoker | 252 (20.9) | 211 (21.8) | 37 (17.4) | 5 (15.4) | 0.272 |
 Current alcohol use | 437 (36.3) | 365 (37.8) | 69 (32.4) | 3 (11.5) | 0.009 |
 Prior diabetes diagnosis (n = 538) | 7 (1.3) | 6 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (16.7) | 0.082 |
  Uses insulin | 2 (28.6) | 1 (20) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 0.286 |
 Self-reported liver disease | 4 (0.3) | 3 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 0.587 |
 Self-reported kidney disease | 20 (1.7) | 14 (1.5) | 5 (2.4) | 1 (3.9) | 0.218 |
Clinical characteristics and laboratory testing | |||||
 Karnofsky score (n = 1368) | 87.8 ± 5.9 | 88.1 ± 5.7 | 87.3 ± 6.1 | 84.2 ± 8.6 | 0.002 |
 Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.4 ± 6.7 | 2705 ± 6.5 | 8.8 ± 6.7 | 31.3 ± 10.5 |  |
  < 25 | 522 (43.3) | 436 (45.0) | 79 (37.1) | 7 (34.6) |  < 0.001 |
  25–29.9 | 322 (26.7) | 275 (28.4) | 38 (17.8) | 9 (34.5) |  |
  ≥ 30 | 363 (30.1) | 257 (26.5) | 96 (45.1) | 10 (38.5) |  |
 Hypertension | 255 (21.1) | 210 (21.7) | 37 (17.4) | 15 (30.8) | 0.179 |
  Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 93.3 ± 16.1 | 92.7 ± 15.3 | 94.8 ± 17.6 | 104.4 ± 20.9 |  < 0.001 |
 Hepatitis B (n = 1197) | 74 (6.8) | 60 (6.3) | 13 (5.7) | 2 (8.0) | 0.898 |
 Anemia (n = 1189) | 571 (43.5) | 403 (42.2) | 100 (48.1) | 14 (56.0) | 0.131 |
 Hemoglobin (g/dL) (n = 1189) | 12.4 ± 2.1 | 12.4 ± 2.3 | 12.3 ± 1.9 | 12.0 ± 2.3 | 0.316 |
  Women | 11.6 ± 1.7 | 11.6 ± 1.7 | 11.7 ± 1.6 | 10.9 ± 1.9 | 0.194 |
  Men | 13.4 ± 2.1 | 13.6 ± 2.1 | 13.0 ± 2.1 | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 0.025 |
 CD4 count (cells/mm3) (n = 1201)a | 353 [209–545] | 365 [222–552] | 307 [179–496] | 324.5 [129–598] |  |
 < 200 | 281 (23.4) | 214 (22.2) | 59 (28.1) | 8 (30.8) | 0.102 |
 200–350 | 315 (26.2) | 247e (25.6) | 62 (29.5) | 6 (23.1) |  |
 > 350 | 605 (50.4) | 504 (52.2) | 89 (42.4) | 12 (46.2) |  |