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Table 1 Peruvian studies of Strongyloides stercoralis infection

From: Prevalence of strongyloidiasis in Peru: systematic review and meta-analysis

Study ID

Setting (department) [altitude]

Population

Diagnostic procedure

Prevalence estimate

Huaroto Sedda 1990 [30]

National Hospital “Edgardo Rebagliati Martins” (Lima) [160 m]

1511 patients in Gastroenterology Service

– String capsule

– Enterotest (1 sample)

2.4%

Rodriguez 1991 [18]

Tarapoto, Amazon basin (San Martin) [141 m]

110 preschool children

– Direct smear

– Faust floaty concentration

– Willis floating

– Graham’s tape

16%

Egido 2001 [24]

Clinical Hospital, Puerto Maldonado, Amazon Basin (Madre de Dios) [139 m]

1133 outpatients with diarrhea (children and adults)

– Direct fecal smears with saline solution and Lugol stain (3 samples)

19.5%

Marcos Raymundo 2002 [19]

Rural survey, province of Jauja (Junin) [3391 m]

188 children

(1–16 years old)

– Spontaneous tube sedimentation technique

– Formalin-ether concentration

– Rapid sedimentation technique, modified by Lumbreras

1.5%

Marcos 2002 [16]

Hospital cross-sectional study, Iquitos (Loreto) [100 m]

41 adults (20 from Military Hospital, 21 from Regional Hospital)

– Direct microscopy

– Kato-Katz technique

– Spontaneous tube sedimentation technique

– Modified Baermann method

45 and 4.8%

Marcos 2003 [25]

Community survey, rural and urban populations of Sandia (Puno) [2135 m]

72 children and adults

– Direct microscopy

– Kato-Katz technique

– Spontaneous tube sedimentation technique

– Modified Baermann method

1.4%

Ministry of Health 2003 [10]

Cross-sectional studies (countrywide)

294 studies and 214,199 people

– Various

6.6%

Ibañez 2004 [20]

Survey in rural community, Chancay district, Huaral province (Lima) [43 m]

1049 children (6–15 years old)

– Direct examination

– Spontaneous tube sedimentation

– Rapid sedimentation technique modified by Lumbreras

– Kato-Katz technique

– Baermann method modified by Lumbreras

0.8%

Lau Chong 2005 [7]

Survey in rural community, Peruvian Amazon, Oxapampa province (Pasco) [NA] [1814 m]

129 children and adults

– Simple direct smear

– Spontaneous tube sedimentation

– Baermann method modified by Lumbreras

– Dancescu culture

– Agar plate culture technique

38.5%

Yori PP 2006 [11]

Survey in rural community on Nanay River, Amazon Basin (Loreto) [100 m]

908 children and adults

– Direct smear

– Baermann method

– Simple sedimentation

– ELISA positive

8.7%

72% seroprevalence

Garcia 2006 [15]

Cayetano Heredia National Hospital, Lima (Lima) [160 m]

217 patients with HIV/AIDS

– Direct examination

– Kato-Katz technique

– Spontaneous tube sedimentation

– Baermann method modified by Lumbreras

– Rapid sedimentation technique modified by Lumbreras

– Ziehl Neelsen stain

6%

Crotti 2007 [26]

Chacas Hospital (Lima) [3300–3500 m]

91 patients (38 children + 53 adults)

– Microscopic observations (direct and after formalin-ether concentration)

– Giemsa permanent stain

0.3%

Natividad-Carpio 2007 [8]

Community survey, Chancay district, Huaral province (Lima) [161 m]

173 children (2–20 years-old)

– Direct examination

– Spontaneous tube sedimentation

– Rapid sedimentation technique modified by Lumbreras

– Kato-Katz technique

– Baermann method, modified by Lumbreras

1.1%

Machicado 2012 [21]

Rural survey, Tambopata province (Madre de Dios). Peruvian Rainforest [200 m]

73 children (2–20 years old)

– Spontaneous tube sedimentation

– Kato-Katz technique

– Modified Baermann method

– Agar plate culture

– Harada-Mori culture

– Direct smear examination

16%

Cabada 2014 [27]

Rural survey following deworming campaign, southern Peruvian Amazon (Madre de Dios) [600 m]

290 members of the Matsiguenga ethnic group

– Direct examination

– Rapid sedimentation

– Kato-Katz technique

5.6%

Cabada 2014 [22]

Rural communities survey around Cusco [3300–3500 m]

227 children (3–12 years old)

– Direct examination

– Rapid sedimentation

– Kato-Katz technique

0.9%

Cabada 2016 [23]

Rural survey communities around Cusco (Cusco) [3300–3500 m]

1230 children (3–16 years old)

– Lumbreras rapid sedimentation tests

– Kato-Katz technique (3 samples)

2%

Garaycochea 2018 [28]

Provinces of Huaral, Oyón, Yauyos and Huarochirí. (Lima) [188–3600–2800-3100 m]

359 (children < 5 years old)

– Direct sedimentation methods

– Heidenhain’s iron hematoxylin smear test

– Modified Ziehl Neelsen

– Graham’s method

6.8%

Morales 2019 [29]

Community survey, rural population around Cusco: Quellouno [800 m] and Limatambo [2554 m] [3300 m]

462 participants (children and adults)

– Baermann’s method

– Agar plate culture

– Sedimentation tests (1 sample)

24.5%*

26.4%** low altitude

18.6 high altitude

Errea 2019 [9]

Rural community surveys in Padre Cocha (Amazon Basin) (Loreto) [100 m]

124 children

– Direct smear analysis

– Kato-Katz technique

– Spontaneous tube sedimentation

– Baermann’s method

– Agar plate culture (1 sample)

10.5%

Ortiz-Martínez 2020 [17]

Survey, urban and periurban Iquitos, Peruvian Amazon (Loreto) [100 m]

300 pregnant women (adults)

– Baermann’s method

– Charcoal culture

– Kato-Katz technique

– ELISA (1 sample)

10%

30% seroprevalence