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Table 2 Meta-analysis of antibiotic resistance for UPEC isolates from urinary tract infections

From: Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolated from urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Antibiotics

No of studies

n/N

Random model

Heterogeneity

Egger’s test

% (95% CI)

P

Q

P

I2

t

P

Amikacin

8

214/1074

19.9 (0.18–0.22)

< 0.001

344.4

< 0.001

96.5

3.98

0.002

Amoxicillin

3

322/443

72.7 (0.68–0.77)

< 0.001

225.6

< 0.001

94.7

4.76

0.001

Amoxiclav

6

407/998

40.8 (0.38–0.44)

< 0.001

406.2

< 0.001

97.1

2.35

0.039

Ampicillin

8

835/1114

75.0 (0.72–0.77)

< 0.001

222.9

< 0.001

94.6

1.15

0.276

Ampicillin-sulbactam

3

161/354

45.5 (0.40–0.51)

0.089

178.0

< 0.001

93.3

5.54

< 0.001

Aztreonam

2

78/354

22.0 (0.18–0.27)

< 0.001

172.8

< 0.001

93.1

24.1

< 0.001

Cefepime

7

280/952

29.4 (0.27–0.32)

< 0.001

143.3

< 0.001

91.6

3.38

0.006

Cefixime

3

120/443

27.1 (0.23–0.31)

< 0.001

124.0

< 0.001

90.3

5.58

0.001

Cefoperazone-sulbactam

2

36/198

18.2 (0.13–0.24)

< 0.001

81.21

< 0.001

85.2

24.2

< 0.001

Cefotaxime

7

379/1055

35.9 (0.33–0.39)

< 0.001

235.5

< 0.001

94.9

3.99

0.002

Cefoxitin

4

104/707

14.7 (0.12–0.18)

< 0.001

91.61

< 0.001

86.9

13.6

< 0.001

Cefpodoxime

2

166/287

57.8 (0.52–0.63)

0.008

182.7

< 0.001

93.4

11.5

< 0.001

Ceftazidime

9

509/1209

42.1 (0.39–0.45)

< 0.001

212.1

< 0.001

94.3

3.33

0.007

Ceftriaxone

5

247/844

29.3 (0.26–0.32)

< 0.001

239.6

< 0.001

95.0

5.50

< 0.001

Cefuroxime

5

389/705

55.2 (0.51–0.59)

0.006

288.2

< 0.001

95.8

3.16

0.009

Cephalexin

3

146/258

56.6 (0.50–0.63)

0.035

189.3

< 0.001

93.7

12.8

< 0.001

Cephalothin

3

82/437

18.8 (0.15–0.23)

< 0.001

181.0

< 0.001

93.4

3.23

0.008

Cephazolin

3

142/258

55.0 (0.49–0.61)

0.106

168.4

< 0.001

92.9

13.7

< 0.001

Ciprofloxacin

12

792/1781

44.5 (0.42–0.47)

< 0.001

265.5

< 0.001

95.5

0.54

0.602

Ertapenem

1

1/227

0.4 (0.00–0.03)

< 0.001

0.799

1.000

0.00

0.49

0.634

Fosfomycin

1

9/107

8.4 (0.04–0.15)

< 0.001

37.35

< 0.001

67.9

21.0

< 0.001

Gentamicin

13

637/1888

33.7 (0.32–0.36)

< 0.001

269.6

< 0.001

95.6

0.70

0.497

Imipenem

7

5/767

0.7 (0.00–0.02)

< 0.001

3.719

0.988

0.00

5.02

< 0.001

Meropenem

3

1/354

0.3 (0.00–0.02)

< 0.001

1.416

1.000

0.00

2.40

0.035

Nalidixic acid

9

777/1317

59.0 (0.56–0.62)

< 0.001

248.2

< 0.001

95.2

1.70

0.118

Nitrofurantoin

10

297/1486

20.0 (0.18–0.22)

< 0.001

297.1

< 0.001

96.0

3.77

0.003

Norfloxacin

5

286/614

46.6 (0.43–0.51)

0.090

273.1

< 0.001

95.6

3.20

0.009

Ofloxacin

2

101/244

41.4 (0.35–0.48)

0.007

153.5

< 0.001

92.2

13.6

< 0.001

Tetracycline

6

498/721

69.1 (0.66–0.72)

< 0.001

207.3

< 0.001

94.2

2.44

0.033

Tobramycin

1

30/107

28.0 (0.20–0.37)

< 0.001

103.8

< 0.001

88.4

35.2

< 0.001

Co-trimoxazole

13

1119/1888

59.3 (0.57–0.61)

< 0.001

177.1

< 0.001

93.2

1.06

0.313