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Table 1 Distribution of all variables and their associations with the intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine

From: Understanding the determinants of COVID-19 vaccination intention and willingness to pay: findings from a population-based survey in Bangladesh

Variables

Overall

N=894

Intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine

Nob

Yesa

OR (95% CI)

p-value

aOR (95% CI)

p-value

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Socio-demographics

Age

  18-25 years

328 (36.7)

107 (34.7)

221 (37.7)

Reference

 

Reference

 

  26-35 years

339 (37.9)

151 (49)

188 (32.1)

0.603 (0.44-0.826)

0.002

0.735 (0.502-1.075)

0.112

  36-45 years

171 (19.1)

38 (12.3)

133 (22.7)

1.695 (1.104-2.6)

0.016

1.682 (1.032-2.742)

0.037

  > 45 years

56 (6.3)

12 (3.9)

44 (7.5)

1.775 (0.9-3.5)

0.097

2.123 (0.936-4.815)

0.072

Sex

  Male

444 (49.7)

151 (49)

293 (50)

1.04 (0.789-1.37)

0.782

  Female

450 (50.3)

157 (51)

293 (50)

Reference

   

Marital status

  Unmarried

511 (57.2)

175 (56.8)

336 (57.3)

1.016 (0.764-1.351)

0.914

  Married

357 (39.9)

121 (39.3)

236 (40.3)

0.608 (0.275-1.342)

0.218

  Divorced

26 (2.9)

12 (3.9)

14 (2.4)

Reference

   

Education level

  Bachelor

500 (55.9)

170 (55.2)

330 (56.3)

1.255 (0.913-1.723)

0.162

1.165 (0.787-1.726)

0.445

  Master's and above

152 (17)

43 (14)

109 (18.6)

1.638 (1.058-2.537)

0.027

1.539 (0.908-2.606)

0.109

  Intermediate or below

242 (27.1)

95 (30.8)

147 (25.1)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Monthly family income

  < 20000 BDT

191 (21.4)

60 (19.5)

131 (22.4)

1.269 (0.857-1.88)

0.234

  20000-30000 BDT

193 (21.6)

58 (18.8)

135 (23)

1.353 (0.912-2.007)

0.133

  30000-40000 BDT

238 (26.6)

90 (29.2)

148 (25.3)

0.956 (0.667-1.37)

0.807

  > 40000 BDT

272 (30.4)

100 (32.5)

172 (29.4)

Reference

   

Number of children in the family

  0

443 (49.6)

152 (49.4)

291 (49.7)

1.436 (1.033-1.996)

0.031

1.486 (0.989-2.234)

0.057

  1

227 (25.4)

60 (19.5)

167 (28.5)

2.087 (1.404-3.103)

<0.001

1.658 (1.046-2.627)

0.081

  ≥2

224 (25.1)

96 (31.2)

128 (21.8)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Place of residence

  Urban

700 (78.3)

238 (77.3)

462 (78.8)

1.096 (0.786-1.528)

0.589

 Rural

194 (21.7)

70 (22.7)

124 (21.2)

Reference

   

Health status, COVID-19 experience, and vaccination-related information

Self-rated health status

  Good

633 (70.8)

219 (71.1)

414 (70.6)

0.978 (0.722-1.325)

0.887

  Poor

261 (29.2)

89 (28.9)

172 (29.4)

Reference

   

History of chronic disease

  Yes

248 (27.7)

92 (29.9)

156 (26.6)

0.852 (0.628-1.156)

0.303

  No

646 (72.3)

216 (70.1)

430 (73.4)

Reference

   

Ever tested for COVID-19

  Yes

219 (24.5)

66 (21.4)

153 (26.1)

1.296 (0.933-1.8)

0.123

  No

675 (75.5)

242 (78.6)

433 (73.9)

Reference

   

Ever diagnosed with COVID-19

  Yes

167 (18.7)

56 (18.2)

111 (18.9)

1.052 (0.737-1.501)

0.782

  No

727 (81.3)

252 (81.8)

475 (81.1)

Reference

   

Family member/friend ever infected by COVID-19

  Yes

235 (26.3)

94 (30.5)

141 (24.1)

Reference

 

Reference

 

  No

659 (73.7)

214 (69.5)

445 (75.9)

1.386 (1.019-1.886)

0.037

1.21 (0.838-1.747)

0.309

Impact of COVID-19 on daily life

  Severec

353 (39.5)

102 (33.1)

251 (42.8)

1.513 (1.134-2.019)

0.005

0.914 (0.593-1.408)

0.684

  Littled

541 (60.5)

206 (66.9)

335 (57.2)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Impact of COVID-19 on studies/work

  Severec

470 (52.6)

136 (44.2)

334 (57)

1.676 (1.269-2.214)

<0.001

1.167 (0.762-1.787)

0.479

  Littled

424 (47.4)

172 (55.8)

252 (43)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Impact of COVID-19 on physical/mental health

  Severec

398 (44.5)

110 (35.7)

288 (49.1)

1.74 (1.31-2.311)

<0.001

0.968 (0.639-1.466)

0.879

  Littled

496 (55.5)

198 (64.3)

298 (50.9)

Reference

 

Reference

 

COVID-19 vaccination is an effective way to prevent and control COVID-19

  Yes

704 (78.7)

188 (61)

516 (88.1)

4.705 (3.353-6.602)

<0.001

2.709 (1.827-4.015)

<0.001

  No

190 (21.3)

120 (39)

70 (11.9)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Doctor’s recommendation is an important factor in vaccination decision-making

  Yes

797 (89.1)

253 (82.1)

544 (92.8)

2.816 (1.835-4.322)

<0.001

1.579 (0.935-2.664)

0.087

  No

97 (10.9)

55 (17.9)

42 (7.2)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Previous refusals to get any type of vaccination

  No

728 (81.4)

241 (78.2)

487 (83.1)

1.368 (0.967-1.934)

0.076

  Yes

166 (18.6)

67 (21.8)

99 (16.9)

Reference

   

Perceived stigma of COVID-19

If I had COVID-19, I would be embarrassed

  Agreee

232 (26)

63 (20.5)

169 (28.8)

1.576 (1.134-2.191)

0.007

1.117 (0.688-1.815)

0.654

  Disagreef

662 (74)

245 (79.5)

417 (71.2)

Reference

 

Reference

 

If I had COVID-19, people would think badly of me

  Agreee

230 (25.7)

63 (20.5)

167 (28.5)

1.55 (1.114-2.156)

0.009

0.695 (0.389-1.243)

0.220

  Disagreef

664 (74.3)

245 (79.5)

419 (71.5)

Reference

 

Reference

 

If I had COVID-19, people would treat me differently.

  Agreee

276 (30.9)

72 (23.4)

204 (34.8)

1.75 (1.279-2.396)

<0.001

1.561 (0.917-2.657)

0.101

  Disagreef

618 (69.1)

236 (76.6)

382 (65.2)

Reference

 

Reference

 

If I had COVID-19, I would not tell anyone

  Agreee

142 (15.9)

49 (15.9)

93 (15.9)

0.997 (0.684-1.454)

0.988

  Disagreef

752 (84.1)

259 (84.1)

493 (84.1)

Reference

   

Perceived susceptibility of contracting COVID-19

My chance of getting COVID-19 in the next few months is high

  Agreee

226 (25.3)

71 (23.1)

155 (26.5)

1.2 (0.87-1.657)

0.267

  Disagreef

668 (74.7)

237 (76.9)

431 (73.5)

Reference

   

I am worried about the likelihood of getting COVID 19

  Agreee

406 (45.4)

112 (36.4)

294 (50.2)

1.762 (1.328-2.338)

<0.001

1.643 (1.065-2.537)

0.025

  Disagreef

488 (54.6)

196 (63.6)

292 (49.8)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Getting COVID-19 is currently a possibility for me

  Agreee

297 (33.2)

93 (30.2)

204 (34.8)

1.235 (0.918-1.661)

0.164

  Disagreef

597 (66.8)

215 (69.8)

382 (65.2)

Reference

   

Perceived severity of COVID-19

Complications from COVID-19 are serious

  Agreee

412 (46.1)

120 (39)

292 (49.8)

1.556 (1.175-2.06)

0.002

0.997 (0.649-1.531)

0.987

  Disagreef

482 (53.9)

188 (61)

294 (50.2)

Reference

 

Reference

 

I will be very sick if I get infected with COVID-19

  Agreee

365 (40.8)

104 (33.8)

261 (44.5)

1.575 (1.182-2.099)

0.002

0.946 (0.606-1.478)

0.808

  Disagreef

529 (59.2)

204 (66.2)

325 (55.5)

Reference

 

Reference

 

I will be very afraid if I become infected with COVID-19

  Agreee

401 (44.9)

122 (39.6)

279 (47.6)

1.386 (1.047-1.833)

0.022

0.871 (0.555-1.366)

0.547

  Disagreef

493 (55.1)

186 (60.4)

307 (52.4)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Perceived benefits of COVID-19 vaccination

Vaccination is a good idea because I feel less worried about catching COVID-19

  Agreee

329 (36.8)

46 (14.9)

283 (48.3)

5.32 (3.738-7.57)

<0.001

2.351 (1.385-3.988)

0.002

  Disagreef

565 (63.2)

262 (85.1)

303 (51.7)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Vaccination decreases my chance of getting COVID-19 or its complications

  Agreee

378 (42.3)

59 (19.2)

319 (54.4)

5.042 (3.636-6.993)

<0.001

3.083 (1.829-5.198)

<0.001

  Disagreef

516 (57.7)

249 (80.8)

267 (45.6)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Perceived barriers of COVID-19 vaccination

I am worried about the possible side effects of COVID-19 vaccination would interfere with my usual activities

  Agreee

479 (53.6)

167 (54.2)

312 (53.2)

0.842 (0.689-1.072)

0.060

0.284 (0.216-0.561)

0.002

  Disagreef

415 (46.4)

141 (45.8)

274 (46.8)

Reference

 

Reference

 

I am concerned about the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination

  Agreee

470 (52.6)

164 (53.2)

306 (52.2)

0.96 (0.728-1.265)

0.770

  Disagreef

424 (47.4)

144 (46.8)

280 (47.8)

Reference

   

I am concerned about the safety of the COVID-19 vaccination

  Agreee

483 (54)

183 (59.4)

300 (51.2)

0.716 (0.542-0.947)

0.019

0.284 (0.187-0.429)

<0.001

  Disagreef

411 (46)

125 (40.6)

286 (48.8)

Reference

 

Reference

 

I am concerned about the affordability (high cost of the vaccine) of getting the COVID-19 vaccination

  Agreee

450 (50.3)

151 (49)

299 (51)

1.083 (0.822-1.427)

0.570

  Disagreef

444 (49.7)

157 (51)

287 (49)

Reference

   

I am concerned about faulty/fake COVID-19 vaccines

  Agreee

539 (60.3)

188 (61)

351 (59.9)

0.953 (0.719-1.264)

0.740

  Disagreef

355 (39.7)

120 (39)

235 (40.1)

Reference

   

Cues to action

I will only take the COVID-19 vaccine if I am given adequate information about it

  Agreee

601 (67.2)

176 (57.1)

425 (72.5)

1.98 (1.482-2.645)

<0.001

1.273 (0.787-2.058)

0.325

  Disagreef

293 (32.8)

132 (42.9)

161 (27.5)

Reference

 

Reference

 

I will only take the COVID-19 vaccine if the vaccine is taken by many in the public

  Agreee

505 (56.5)

144 (46.8)

361 (61.6)

1.827 (1.382-2.415)

<0.001

0.878 (0.571-1.35)

0.553

  Disagreef

389 (43.5)

164 (53.2)

225 (38.4)

Reference

 

Reference

 
  1. OR Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, aOR Adjusted Odds Ratios, BDT Bangladeshi Taka
  2. aDefinitely yes/ probably yes
  3. bDefinitely no/ probably no/ not sure
  4. cVery severe/ severe
  5. dVery little/ little/ fair
  6. eStrongly agree/ agree
  7. fStrongly disagree/ disagree/ not sure