Gonorrhoea: a systematic review of prevalence reporting globally

Whelan, Jane; Abbing-Karahagopian, Victoria; Serino, Laura; Unemo, Magnus

doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06381-4

BMC Infectious Diseases

Table 3 Reported gonorrhoea prevalence and/or test positivity in sex workers, by WHO region and country

From: Gonorrhoea: a systematic review of prevalence reporting globally

WHO region	Country	No. of data points	Reference	Years reported	Study setting^a	No. tested	Reported prevalence and/or test positivity	Standardized estimate
WOMEN
Africa	Benin	1	Behanzin et al. [151]	2008	Clinic setting	1082	6.20%	5.53%
	Botswana	1	Merrigan et al. [152]	2012	Community-based or other mixed locations	947	10.50%	10.86%
	Cote d'Ivoire	1	Vuylsteke et al. [153]	2007 and 2009	Clinic setting	1110	5.10%	4.40%
	Ethiopia	1	Tadele et al. [154]	2017	Clinic setting	338	3.30%	4.13%
	Guinea	1	Aho et al. [155]	2005–2006	Clinic setting	223	9.00%	8.40%
	Kenya	1	Izulla et al. [156]	2009–2010	Clinic setting	2933	3.07%	3.84%
	Rwanda	2	Braunstein et al. [157]	2006–2007	Clinic setting	397	11.60%	11.06%
			Jespers et al. [26]	2010–2011	Community-based or other mixed locations	30^b	7.00%	6.35%
	Uganda	1	Vandepitte et al. [158]	2008–2009	Community-based or other mixed locations	1025	13.00%	12.49%
Americas (excluding high-income North America)	Guatemala	1	Sabido et al. [159]	2008–2009	Commercial site	494	0.80%	0.83%
	Honduras	1	Tinajeros et al. [160]	2006–2008	Community-based or other mixed locations	950	2.30%	1.54%
	Mexico	1	Bazzi et al. [161]	2010–2013	Community-based or other mixed locations	212	0.94%	0.98%
	Peru	1	Carcamo et al. [17]	2002	Commercial site	4263	1.62%	1.25%
Eastern Mediterranean	Iran	2	Kazerooni et al. [162]	2010	Community-based or other mixed locations	278	1.43%	1.79%
			Nasirian et al. [163]	2013–2014	Community-based or other mixed locations	99^b	9.09%	8.49%
	Pakistan	1	Khan et al. [164]	2007	Commercial site	730	7.50%	6.86%
	Tunisia^c	1	Znazen et al. [165]	2007	Clinic setting	188	3.72%	4.66%
		1	Znazen et al. [165]	2007	Clinic setting	188	11.17%	10.62%
Europe	UK	1	Mc Grath-Lone et al. [166]	2011	Clinic setting	2534	2.70%	1.95%
South-East Asia	Bangladesh	2	Haseen et al. [167]	2006–2007	Commercial site	1013	2.20%	2.27%
			Khanam et al. [168]	2014	Commercial site	700	5.40%	4.71%
	India	2	Das et al. [169]	2008–2008	Clinic setting	417	14.20%	13.72%
			Hemalatha et al. [170]	2005–2006	Community-based or other mixed locations	3223	1.99%	2.05%
	Indonesia	5	Bollen et al. [171]	2008–2009	Clinic setting	580	29.31%	29.19%
			Majid et al. [172]	2006–2007	Commercial site	4324	24.60%	24.37%
			Mawu et al. [173]	2008	Commercial site	217	10.60%	10.03%
			Silitonga et al. [174]	1997–2002	Clinic setting	3073	16.69%	20.88%
			Tanudyaya et al. [175]	2005	Community-based or other mixed locations	2500	28.60%	28.46%
Western Pacific	Cambodia	1	Couture et al. [176]	2007–2008	Community-based or other mixed locations	160	7.80%	8.06%
	China	9	Chen et al. [177]	2009	Commercial site	3099	5.91%	5.23%
			Guo et al. [178]	2010–2011	Community-based or other mixed locations	609	2.30%	1.54%
			Jin et al. [179]	2008	Commercial site	568	8.30%	7.68%
			Luo et al. [180]	2009–2012	Commercial site	2053	8.00%	7.37%
			Remis et al. [181]	2009	Commercial site	750	3.50%	3.62%
			Tang et al. [182]	2009	Commercial site	849	5.42%	4.73%
			Wong et al. [183]	2007	Clinic setting	503	1.79%	1.01%
			Wong et al. [184]	2012–2013	Community-based or other mixed locations	340	0.90%	0.93%
			Zhu et al. [185]	2007	Commercial site	488	1.84%	1.06%
MEN
Africa	Cote d'Ivoire	1	Vuylsteke et al. [186]	2007–2008	Clinic setting	96^b	12.80%	11.75%
Americas (excluding high-income North America)	Mexico	2	Bazzi et al. [161]	2010–2013	Community-based or other mixed locations	212^d	1.42%	1.54%
Americas (excluding high-income North America)			Galarraga et al. [187]	··	Clinic setting	267	2.26%	2.53%
Europe	UK	1	Mc Grath-Lone et al. [166]	2011	Clinic setting	447	17.40%^e	16.33%
Western Pacific	Korea (Rep. of)	1	Jung et al. [146]	2008	Community-based or other mixed locations	118	0.00%	0.01%
Western Pacific	Vietnam	1	Goldsamt et al. [188]	2014–2016	Community-based or other mixed locations	995	10.45%	9.41%

^aClinic settings included STI clinics, genito-urinary clinics and outreach clinics. Commercial sites included hotels, brothels, street and other residences. The remainder were community-based or conducted at other mixed locations, or the location was not specified.
If the standardized estimate was a negative number, the standardized prevalence was reported at 1 case divided by 100 times the sample size [11].
If the clinical specimen was specified but not the laboratory test used, or vice versa, the arithmetic mean of the sensitivity and specificity for the laboratory test or for the clinical specimen, respectively, was used instead [17].
^bGiven the rarity of data, this study was included despite a sample size of <100.
^cIn this study, two separate estimates were generated in the same population – 188 participants were tested by culture and the same 188 participants by NAAT.
^dMen included in this study are non-commercial, intimate partners of female sex workers.
^eThis is a period prevalence, defined as the proportion of individuals tested for a sexually transmitted infection in 2011 who experienced an episode of that infection.
··=Not reported. NAAT=nucleic acid amplification test. No=number. UK=United Kingdom. WHO=World Health Organization.

Back to article page

ISSN: 1471-2334

Contact us

Submission enquiries: bmcinfectiousdiseases@biomedcentral.com
General enquiries: ORSupport@springernature.com