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Table 2 Reported gonorrhoea test positivity in women and men by WHO region and country

From: Gonorrhoea: a systematic review of prevalence reporting globally

WHO region

Country

No. of data points

Reference

Years reported

Study populationa

Study setting

Sampling

No. tested

Reported test positivity

Standardized estimate

WOMEN

 Africa

Proxy general population samples

Ethiopia

2

Mulu et al. [23]

2013

Clinic attendees, Women

Hospital, multiple clinic types

Simple random

409

1.00%

1.25%

  

Tadesse et al. [24]

2014–2015

Ob/Gyn clinic attendees

Mixed attendees

Non-probability

322

0.31%

0.39%

Ghana

1

Yirenya-Tawiah et al. [25]

2005–2006

Community, Sexually active, Women

Community-based recruitment

Non-probability

191

2.60%

2.05%

Kenya

4

Jespers et al. [26]

2010–2011

Clinic attendees, Women

Multiple clinic types + community

Non-probability

110

1.00%

0.20%

  

Kerubo et al. [27]

2013

Students/young, Women

High school

Non-probability

511

0.59%

0.24%

  

Masese et al. [28]

2014–2015

Students/young, Women

High schools + universities

Non-probability

451

1.55%

1.60%

  

Otieno et al. [29]

2007–2009

Community, Women

Community-based recruitment

Non-probability

424

4.70%

3.99%

Mozambique

1

Menendez et al. [30]

2000

Mixed groups/Unknown, Women

Mixed clinic types + community

Age-stratified

250

13.60%

18.90%

South Africa

3

Jespers et al. [26]

2010–2011

Clinic attendees, Women

Multiple clinic types + community

Non-probability

109

1.00%

0.20%

  

Kaida et al. [31]

2014–2016

Community, Women

Community-based recruitment

Non-probability

198

7.07%

6.42%

  

Peters et al. [32]

2011–2012

Community, Women

Primary care centres

Geographic stratification

604

10.00%

10.46%

Uganda

2

Rassjo et al. [33]

2006

Students/young, Sexually active women

Youth clinic

Non-probability

595

4.50%

3.79%

  

Rutherford et al. [34]

2008–2009

Students/young, Sexually active women

University students

Non-probability

280

1.07%

0.69%

During pregnancy

Botswana

2

Offorjebe et al. [35]

2015–2016

ANC Survey

ANC

Non-probability

300

1.70%

0.92%

  

Wynn et al. [36]

2015–2016

ANC Survey

ANC

Non-probability

200

1.50%

0.72%

Kenya

2

Masha et al. [37]

2015

ANC Survey

ANC

Non-probability

202

1.00%

1.09%

  

Warr et al. [38]

2011–2013

ANC Survey

ANC, HIV negative women

Non-probability

1221

2.00%

1.36%

Sudan

2

Abdelaziz et al. [39]

2008

ANC Survey

ANC

Non-probability

200

1.80%

2.25%

  

Abdelrahim et al. [40]

··

ANC Routine screening

Pregnant women, low socioeconomic status

Non-probability

350

0.00%

0.00%

Tanzania

2

Chiduo et al. [41]

2008–2010

ANC Routine screening

ANC

Non-probability

185

1.62%

2.03%

  

Hokororo et al. [42]

2012

ANC Survey

ANC, adolescent girls

Non-probability

403

6.70%

7.69%

Zambia

1

Chaponda et al. [43]

2013–2014

ANC Survey

First time attendees

Non-probability

1083

3.14%

2.66%

 Americas (excluding high-income North America)

Proxy general population samples

Brazil

3

Piazzetta et al. [44]

··

Students/young, Sexually active women

University students (secondary analysis)

Non-probability

335

2.39%

2.47%

  

Pinto et al. [45]

2009

Clinic attendees, Women

Parturient women, national sample

Non-probability

2071

1.00%

1.09%

  

Rocha et al. [46]

2010

Community, Women

Primary healthcare

Non-probability

361

1.40%

0.68%

Chile

2

Conejero et al. [47]

2011

Students/young, Sexually active women

University gynaecology clinic

Non-probability

344

0.00%

0.00%

  

Huneeus et al. [48]

··

Community, Sexually active, Women

Community adolescent health clinics

Non-probability

115

0.87%

0.07%

Colombia

1

Paredes et al. [49]

2011

Students/young, Women

High schools

Non-probability

436

0.20%

0.22%

Haiti

1

Jobe et al. [50]

2012

Clinic attendees, Women

Women's health clinic

Non-probability

104

0.96%

0.18%

Mexico

1

Casillas-Vega et al. [51]

2013–2014

Ob/Gyn clinic attendees

Gynaecology clinic, first time attendees

Non-probability

662

2.11%

1.34%

During pregnancy

         

Brazil

1

Silveira et al. [52]

2005–2008

Clinic attendees, Women

Maternity unit, women singleton newborns

Non-probability

2101

1.14%

0.76%

Haiti

1

Bristow et al. [53]

2015–2016

ANC Survey

ANC

Non-probability

300

2.67%

1.91%

 Eastern Mediterranean

During pregnancy

Iran

 

Pourabbas et al. [54]

··

Clinic attendees, Women

Maternity unit

Non-probability

239

1.26%

0.49%

 Europe

Proxy general population samples

Ireland

1

Hassan et al. [55]

··

Community, Women

Women attending primary care for cervical screening

Non-probability

236

0.00%

0.00%

Italy

2

Matteelli et al. [56]

2012–2013

Students/young, Women

High school

Non-probability

1606

0.00%

0.00%

  

Salfa et al. [57]

2009–2013

Mixed groups/Unknown, Women

Lab reports from tests at multiple healthcare providers including screening tests

Geographic stratification

40 579

0.1%

0.1%

Sweden

1

Nolskog et al. [58]

2013–2014

Students/young, Women

Youth clinics

Systematic

509

0.00%

0.00%

Switzerland

1

Sakem et al. [59]

2009–2010

Mixed groups/Unknown, Women

Laboratory samples including screening programmes

National laboratory database

8009

0.14%

0.00%

UK

1

Grech et al. [60]

2014–2015

Clinic attendees, Women

Integrated sexual health service, women >40 years

Systematic

150

0.70%

0.01%

During pregnancy

France

1

Peuchant et al. [61]

2011

ANC Routine screening

ANC

Non-probability

1004

0.00%

0.00%

Portugal

1

Borges-Costa et al. [62]

2006–2008

Clinic attendees, Women

Pregnant adolescents attending obstetric hospital clinic

Non-probability

204

4.90%

4.90%

 High-income North America

Proxy general population samples

USA

4

CDC (National Job Training Program) [63]

2018

Community, women

National Job Training Program for socioeconomically disadvantaged youth

Non-probability

··

2.2%b

2.2%b

  

Jackson et al. [64]

2009–2010

Clinic attendees, Women

Chart review of women > 25 years screened according to guidelines in Baltimore

Non-probability sample of consecutive attendees

658

0.30%

0.00%

  

Newbern et al. [65]

2003–2010

Students/young women

Participants in Philadelphia high school STI screening programme

Non-probability

36 263

9.00%c

9.32%c

  

Nsuami et al. [66]

2003–2005

Students/young women

Participants in New Orleans high school STI screening programme

Non-probability

1554

·· (2.4% for men and women combined)d

·· (2.4% for men and women combined)d

During pregnancy

USA

4

Akoh et al. [67]

2006–2009

ANC Survey

Adolescent maternal programme

Stratified by ethnicity/race

158

3.00%

3.00%

  

Berggren et al. [68]

2003–2005

ANC Survey

Washington Hospital Center

Non-probability

125

10.00%

10.00%

  

Blatt et al. [69]

2005–2008

Pregnant women, Community

Laboratory results from pregnant women

Database study

730 796

0.63%

0.63%

  

Waight et al. [70]

2007–2009

Mixed groups/Unknown, Women

STD diagnoses linked to birth records

Database study

195 977

1.55%

1.55%

 South-East Asia

Proxy general population samples

India

1

Krishnan et al .[71]

Not stated

Community, Women

Samples collected during household visits

Non-probability

811

0.00%

0.00%

During pregnancy

Thailand

1

Asavapiriyanont et al. [72]

2006–2007

ANC Survey

Pregnant teenagers

Non-probability

121

1.70%

1.76%

 Western Pacific

Proxy general population samples

Korea (Rep. of)

2

Choe et al. [73]

2010

Community, Women

General population health examination centres

Non-probability

805

0.25%

0.26%

  

Kim et al. [74]

2012

Community, Sexually active, Women

Hospital clinics, health women attending for checkups

Non-probability

799

0.00%

0.00%

Papua New Guinea

1

Vallely et al. [75]

2011–2015

Community, Women

Well woman clinic only

Non-probability

614

7.98%

8.17%

Solomon Islands

1

Marks et al. [76]

2014

Clinic attendees, Women

Community outpatient clinics

Non-probability

296

5.10%

4.40%

During pregnancy

New Zealand

1

Ekeroma et al. [77]

2009

ANC Routine screening

Hospital maternity unit

Non-probability

4635

0.22%

0.20%

Papua New Guinea

3

Badman et al. [78]

2014

ANC Routine screening

Women at first antenatal visit

Non-probability

125

11.20%

10.65%

  

Vallely et al. [75]

2011–2015

ANC Survey

ANC

Non-probabilitynon-probability

765

14.20%

15.24%

  

Wangnapi et al. [79]

2011–2012

ANC Survey

ANC

Non-probability

362

9.67%

9.08%

MEN

 Africa

Kenya

1

Otieno et al. [29]

2007–2009

Community, Sexually active, Men

Community-based recruitment

Non-probability

422

0.00%

0.00%

South Africa

1

Kaida et al. [31]

2014–2016

Community, Men

Community-based recruitment

Non-probability

154

1.30%

1.40%

Uganda

1

Rutherford et al. [34]

2008–2009

Students/young, Men

University students

Non-probability

360

0.00%

0.00%

 Americas (excluding high-income North America)

Chile

1

Huneeus et al. [48]

··

Community, Sexually active, Men

Community adolescent health clinics

Non-probability

171

0.00%

0.00%

Colombia

1

Paredes et al. [49]

2011

Students/young, Men

High schools

Non-probability

536

0.00%

0.00%

Haiti

1

Downey et al. [80]

2013

Clinic attendees, Men

Men's health clinic

Non-probability

205

0.00%

0.00%

 Europe

Italy

2

Matteelli et al. [56]

2012–2013

Students/young, Men

High school

Non-probability

1112

0.00%

0.00%

  

Salfa et al. [57]

2009–2013

Mixed groups/Unknown, Men

Lab reports from tests at multiple healthcare providers

Geographic stratification

10 243

2.10%

2.10%

Sweden

1

Nolskog et al. [58]

2013–2014

Students/young, Men

Youth clinics

Systematic

492

0.20%

0.12%

Switzerland

1

Sakem et al. [59]

2009–2010

Mixed groups/Unknown, Men

Laboratory samples incl. screening programmes

National laboratory database

1236

2.10%

1.82%

 High-income North America

USA

4

CDC (National Job Training Program) [63]

2018

Community, Men

National Job Training Program for socioeconomically disadvantaged youth

Non-probability

··

0.7%b

0.7%b

  

Drinkard et al. [81]

2009–2015

Students/young, Men

College health clinics

Database study

5453

0.70%

0.22%

  

Newbern et al. [65]

2003–2010

Students/young men

Participants in Philadelphia high school STI screening programme

Non-probability

39 010

4.07%c

4.65%c

  

Nsuami et al. [66]

2003–2005

Students/young men

Participants in New Orleans high school STI screening programme

Non-probability sample of participants

1782

·· (2.4% for men and women combined)d

·· (2.4% for men and women combined)d

 South-East Asia

India

1

Dave et al. [82]

2005

Workers, Men

Migrant workers

Multistage probability

840

0.90%

0.94%

Thailand

1

Jatapai et al. [83]

2008–2009

Military, Men

Newly inducted military conscripts

Systematic

2123

0.94%

1.04%

 Western Pacific

China

1

Zhang et al. [84]

2006

Workers, Men

Miners

Cluster

1773

0.81%

0.81%

Korea (Rep. of)

1

Choe et al. [73]

2010

Clinic attendees, Men

General population health examination centres

Non-probability

807

0.62%

0.61%

  1. aTo aid cross-referencing, study populations were categorized to align with SPECTRUM codes [11].
  2. If the standardized estimate was a negative number, the standardized prevalence was reported at 1 case divided by 100 times the sample size [11].
  3. If neither the clinical specimen nor the laboratory test used were specified, the estimate was not standardized [57, 62, 63, 67,68,69,70, 84].
  4. If the clinical specimen was specified but not the laboratory test used, or vice versa, the arithmetic mean of the sensitivity and specificity for the laboratory test or for the clinical specimen, respectively, was used instead [27, 34, 52, 59, 80, 81].
  5. bThe denominator was not reported and estimates were not standardized.
  6. cPrevalence was reported over an 8-year period.
  7. dPrevalence proportion for men and women was not reported separately.
  8. ··=Not reported. ANC=antenatal clinic. CDC=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV=human immunodeficiency virus. No.=number. Ob/Gyn=Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Rep.=Republic. STD=sexually transmitted disease. STI=sexually transmitted infection. UK=United Kingdom. USA=Unites States of America. WHO=World Health Organization.