From: Gonorrhoea: a systematic review of prevalence reporting globally
WHO region | Country | No. of data points | Reference | Years reported | Study populationa | Study setting | Sampling | No. tested | Reported test positivity | Standardized estimate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WOMEN | |||||||||||
Africa | Proxy general population samples | ||||||||||
Ethiopia | 2 | Mulu et al. [23] | 2013 | Clinic attendees, Women | Hospital, multiple clinic types | Simple random | 409 | 1.00% | 1.25% | ||
Tadesse et al. [24] | 2014–2015 | Ob/Gyn clinic attendees | Mixed attendees | Non-probability | 322 | 0.31% | 0.39% | ||||
Ghana | 1 | Yirenya-Tawiah et al. [25] | 2005–2006 | Community, Sexually active, Women | Community-based recruitment | Non-probability | 191 | 2.60% | 2.05% | ||
Kenya | 4 | Jespers et al. [26] | 2010–2011 | Clinic attendees, Women | Multiple clinic types + community | Non-probability | 110 | 1.00% | 0.20% | ||
Kerubo et al. [27] | 2013 | Students/young, Women | High school | Non-probability | 511 | 0.59% | 0.24% | ||||
Masese et al. [28] | 2014–2015 | Students/young, Women | High schools + universities | Non-probability | 451 | 1.55% | 1.60% | ||||
Otieno et al. [29] | 2007–2009 | Community, Women | Community-based recruitment | Non-probability | 424 | 4.70% | 3.99% | ||||
Mozambique | 1 | Menendez et al. [30] | 2000 | Mixed groups/Unknown, Women | Mixed clinic types + community | Age-stratified | 250 | 13.60% | 18.90% | ||
South Africa | 3 | Jespers et al. [26] | 2010–2011 | Clinic attendees, Women | Multiple clinic types + community | Non-probability | 109 | 1.00% | 0.20% | ||
Kaida et al. [31] | 2014–2016 | Community, Women | Community-based recruitment | Non-probability | 198 | 7.07% | 6.42% | ||||
Peters et al. [32] | 2011–2012 | Community, Women | Primary care centres | Geographic stratification | 604 | 10.00% | 10.46% | ||||
Uganda | 2 | Rassjo et al. [33] | 2006 | Students/young, Sexually active women | Youth clinic | Non-probability | 595 | 4.50% | 3.79% | ||
Rutherford et al. [34] | 2008–2009 | Students/young, Sexually active women | University students | Non-probability | 280 | 1.07% | 0.69% | ||||
During pregnancy | |||||||||||
Botswana | 2 | Offorjebe et al. [35] | 2015–2016 | ANC Survey | ANC | Non-probability | 300 | 1.70% | 0.92% | ||
Wynn et al. [36] | 2015–2016 | ANC Survey | ANC | Non-probability | 200 | 1.50% | 0.72% | ||||
Kenya | 2 | Masha et al. [37] | 2015 | ANC Survey | ANC | Non-probability | 202 | 1.00% | 1.09% | ||
Warr et al. [38] | 2011–2013 | ANC Survey | ANC, HIV negative women | Non-probability | 1221 | 2.00% | 1.36% | ||||
Sudan | 2 | Abdelaziz et al. [39] | 2008 | ANC Survey | ANC | Non-probability | 200 | 1.80% | 2.25% | ||
Abdelrahim et al. [40] | ·· | ANC Routine screening | Pregnant women, low socioeconomic status | Non-probability | 350 | 0.00% | 0.00% | ||||
Tanzania | 2 | Chiduo et al. [41] | 2008–2010 | ANC Routine screening | ANC | Non-probability | 185 | 1.62% | 2.03% | ||
Hokororo et al. [42] | 2012 | ANC Survey | ANC, adolescent girls | Non-probability | 403 | 6.70% | 7.69% | ||||
Zambia | 1 | Chaponda et al. [43] | 2013–2014 | ANC Survey | First time attendees | Non-probability | 1083 | 3.14% | 2.66% | ||
Americas (excluding high-income North America) | Proxy general population samples | ||||||||||
Brazil | 3 | Piazzetta et al. [44] | ·· | Students/young, Sexually active women | University students (secondary analysis) | Non-probability | 335 | 2.39% | 2.47% | ||
Pinto et al. [45] | 2009 | Clinic attendees, Women | Parturient women, national sample | Non-probability | 2071 | 1.00% | 1.09% | ||||
Rocha et al. [46] | 2010 | Community, Women | Primary healthcare | Non-probability | 361 | 1.40% | 0.68% | ||||
Chile | 2 | Conejero et al. [47] | 2011 | Students/young, Sexually active women | University gynaecology clinic | Non-probability | 344 | 0.00% | 0.00% | ||
Huneeus et al. [48] | ·· | Community, Sexually active, Women | Community adolescent health clinics | Non-probability | 115 | 0.87% | 0.07% | ||||
Colombia | 1 | Paredes et al. [49] | 2011 | Students/young, Women | High schools | Non-probability | 436 | 0.20% | 0.22% | ||
Haiti | 1 | Jobe et al. [50] | 2012 | Clinic attendees, Women | Women's health clinic | Non-probability | 104 | 0.96% | 0.18% | ||
Mexico | 1 | Casillas-Vega et al. [51] | 2013–2014 | Ob/Gyn clinic attendees | Gynaecology clinic, first time attendees | Non-probability | 662 | 2.11% | 1.34% | ||
During pregnancy | |||||||||||
Brazil | 1 | Silveira et al. [52] | 2005–2008 | Clinic attendees, Women | Maternity unit, women singleton newborns | Non-probability | 2101 | 1.14% | 0.76% | ||
Haiti | 1 | Bristow et al. [53] | 2015–2016 | ANC Survey | ANC | Non-probability | 300 | 2.67% | 1.91% | ||
Eastern Mediterranean | During pregnancy | ||||||||||
Iran | Pourabbas et al. [54] | ·· | Clinic attendees, Women | Maternity unit | Non-probability | 239 | 1.26% | 0.49% | |||
Europe | Proxy general population samples | ||||||||||
Ireland | 1 | Hassan et al. [55] | ·· | Community, Women | Women attending primary care for cervical screening | Non-probability | 236 | 0.00% | 0.00% | ||
Italy | 2 | Matteelli et al. [56] | 2012–2013 | Students/young, Women | High school | Non-probability | 1606 | 0.00% | 0.00% | ||
Salfa et al. [57] | 2009–2013 | Mixed groups/Unknown, Women | Lab reports from tests at multiple healthcare providers including screening tests | Geographic stratification | 40 579 | 0.1% | 0.1% | ||||
Sweden | 1 | Nolskog et al. [58] | 2013–2014 | Students/young, Women | Youth clinics | Systematic | 509 | 0.00% | 0.00% | ||
Switzerland | 1 | Sakem et al. [59] | 2009–2010 | Mixed groups/Unknown, Women | Laboratory samples including screening programmes | National laboratory database | 8009 | 0.14% | 0.00% | ||
UK | 1 | Grech et al. [60] | 2014–2015 | Clinic attendees, Women | Integrated sexual health service, women >40 years | Systematic | 150 | 0.70% | 0.01% | ||
During pregnancy | |||||||||||
France | 1 | Peuchant et al. [61] | 2011 | ANC Routine screening | ANC | Non-probability | 1004 | 0.00% | 0.00% | ||
Portugal | 1 | Borges-Costa et al. [62] | 2006–2008 | Clinic attendees, Women | Pregnant adolescents attending obstetric hospital clinic | Non-probability | 204 | 4.90% | 4.90% | ||
High-income North America | Proxy general population samples | ||||||||||
USA | 4 | CDC (National Job Training Program) [63] | 2018 | Community, women | National Job Training Program for socioeconomically disadvantaged youth | Non-probability | ·· | 2.2%b | 2.2%b | ||
Jackson et al. [64] | 2009–2010 | Clinic attendees, Women | Chart review of women > 25 years screened according to guidelines in Baltimore | Non-probability sample of consecutive attendees | 658 | 0.30% | 0.00% | ||||
Newbern et al. [65] | 2003–2010 | Students/young women | Participants in Philadelphia high school STI screening programme | Non-probability | 36 263 | 9.00%c | 9.32%c | ||||
Nsuami et al. [66] | 2003–2005 | Students/young women | Participants in New Orleans high school STI screening programme | Non-probability | 1554 | ·· (2.4% for men and women combined)d | ·· (2.4% for men and women combined)d | ||||
During pregnancy | |||||||||||
USA | 4 | Akoh et al. [67] | 2006–2009 | ANC Survey | Adolescent maternal programme | Stratified by ethnicity/race | 158 | 3.00% | 3.00% | ||
Berggren et al. [68] | 2003–2005 | ANC Survey | Washington Hospital Center | Non-probability | 125 | 10.00% | 10.00% | ||||
Blatt et al. [69] | 2005–2008 | Pregnant women, Community | Laboratory results from pregnant women | Database study | 730 796 | 0.63% | 0.63% | ||||
Waight et al. [70] | 2007–2009 | Mixed groups/Unknown, Women | STD diagnoses linked to birth records | Database study | 195 977 | 1.55% | 1.55% | ||||
South-East Asia | Proxy general population samples | ||||||||||
India | 1 | Krishnan et al .[71] | Not stated | Community, Women | Samples collected during household visits | Non-probability | 811 | 0.00% | 0.00% | ||
During pregnancy | |||||||||||
Thailand | 1 | Asavapiriyanont et al. [72] | 2006–2007 | ANC Survey | Pregnant teenagers | Non-probability | 121 | 1.70% | 1.76% | ||
Western Pacific | Proxy general population samples | ||||||||||
Korea (Rep. of) | 2 | Choe et al. [73] | 2010 | Community, Women | General population health examination centres | Non-probability | 805 | 0.25% | 0.26% | ||
Kim et al. [74] | 2012 | Community, Sexually active, Women | Hospital clinics, health women attending for checkups | Non-probability | 799 | 0.00% | 0.00% | ||||
Papua New Guinea | 1 | Vallely et al. [75] | 2011–2015 | Community, Women | Well woman clinic only | Non-probability | 614 | 7.98% | 8.17% | ||
Solomon Islands | 1 | Marks et al. [76] | 2014 | Clinic attendees, Women | Community outpatient clinics | Non-probability | 296 | 5.10% | 4.40% | ||
During pregnancy | |||||||||||
New Zealand | 1 | Ekeroma et al. [77] | 2009 | ANC Routine screening | Hospital maternity unit | Non-probability | 4635 | 0.22% | 0.20% | ||
Papua New Guinea | 3 | Badman et al. [78] | 2014 | ANC Routine screening | Women at first antenatal visit | Non-probability | 125 | 11.20% | 10.65% | ||
Vallely et al. [75] | 2011–2015 | ANC Survey | ANC | Non-probabilitynon-probability | 765 | 14.20% | 15.24% | ||||
Wangnapi et al. [79] | 2011–2012 | ANC Survey | ANC | Non-probability | 362 | 9.67% | 9.08% | ||||
MEN | |||||||||||
Africa | Kenya | 1 | Otieno et al. [29] | 2007–2009 | Community, Sexually active, Men | Community-based recruitment | Non-probability | 422 | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
South Africa | 1 | Kaida et al. [31] | 2014–2016 | Community, Men | Community-based recruitment | Non-probability | 154 | 1.30% | 1.40% | ||
Uganda | 1 | Rutherford et al. [34] | 2008–2009 | Students/young, Men | University students | Non-probability | 360 | 0.00% | 0.00% | ||
Americas (excluding high-income North America) | Chile | 1 | Huneeus et al. [48] | ·· | Community, Sexually active, Men | Community adolescent health clinics | Non-probability | 171 | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
Colombia | 1 | Paredes et al. [49] | 2011 | Students/young, Men | High schools | Non-probability | 536 | 0.00% | 0.00% | ||
Haiti | 1 | Downey et al. [80] | 2013 | Clinic attendees, Men | Men's health clinic | Non-probability | 205 | 0.00% | 0.00% | ||
Europe | Italy | 2 | Matteelli et al. [56] | 2012–2013 | Students/young, Men | High school | Non-probability | 1112 | 0.00% | 0.00% | |
Salfa et al. [57] | 2009–2013 | Mixed groups/Unknown, Men | Lab reports from tests at multiple healthcare providers | Geographic stratification | 10 243 | 2.10% | 2.10% | ||||
Sweden | 1 | Nolskog et al. [58] | 2013–2014 | Students/young, Men | Youth clinics | Systematic | 492 | 0.20% | 0.12% | ||
Switzerland | 1 | Sakem et al. [59] | 2009–2010 | Mixed groups/Unknown, Men | Laboratory samples incl. screening programmes | National laboratory database | 1236 | 2.10% | 1.82% | ||
High-income North America | USA | 4 | CDC (National Job Training Program) [63] | 2018 | Community, Men | National Job Training Program for socioeconomically disadvantaged youth | Non-probability | ·· | 0.7%b | 0.7%b | |
Drinkard et al. [81] | 2009–2015 | Students/young, Men | College health clinics | Database study | 5453 | 0.70% | 0.22% | ||||
Newbern et al. [65] | 2003–2010 | Students/young men | Participants in Philadelphia high school STI screening programme | Non-probability | 39 010 | 4.07%c | 4.65%c | ||||
Nsuami et al. [66] | 2003–2005 | Students/young men | Participants in New Orleans high school STI screening programme | Non-probability sample of participants | 1782 | ·· (2.4% for men and women combined)d | ·· (2.4% for men and women combined)d | ||||
South-East Asia | India | 1 | Dave et al. [82] | 2005 | Workers, Men | Migrant workers | Multistage probability | 840 | 0.90% | 0.94% | |
Thailand | 1 | Jatapai et al. [83] | 2008–2009 | Military, Men | Newly inducted military conscripts | Systematic | 2123 | 0.94% | 1.04% | ||
Western Pacific | China | 1 | Zhang et al. [84] | 2006 | Workers, Men | Miners | Cluster | 1773 | 0.81% | 0.81% | |
Korea (Rep. of) | 1 | Choe et al. [73] | 2010 | Clinic attendees, Men | General population health examination centres | Non-probability | 807 | 0.62% | 0.61% |