Skip to main content

Table 2 Risk variables associated with influenza positivity

From: Influenza in Malaysian adult patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma: a multicenter, active surveillance study

Variables

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

OR (CI 95%)

P-value

OR (CI 95%)

P-value

Age

  < 65 years

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  ≥ 65 years

1.067 (0.723–1.573)

0.745

1.072 (0.710–1.618)

0.741

Gender

 Male

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Female

1.533 (1.033–2.274)

0.034*

1.465 (0.982–2.184)

0.061

Smoking status

 Non-smoker

Ref

Ref

  

 Ex-smoker

0.790 (0.475–1.313)

0.363

  

 Smoker

0.551 (0.310–0.978)

0.042

  

BMI classification (Asian)

 Normal (18.5–24.9)

Ref

Ref

  

 Obese (≥25.0)

1.136 (0.651–1.983)

0.653

  

 Underweight (< 18.5)

1.603 (0.737–3.487)

0.234

  

Socio-professional category†

 High

Ref

Ref

  

 Middle

0.979 (0.462–2.074)

0.957

  

 Low

0.430 (0.152–1.220)

0.430

  

 Unemployed/unknown

0.878 (0.489–1.578)

0.664

  

 Retired

0.731 (0.355–1.506)

0.731

  

Hospitalized within the past 12 months

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.646 (0.415–1.004)

0.050

0.808 (0.507–1.288)

0.370

Consultations within the past 3 months

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.710 (0.462–1.089)

0.115

0.745 (0.483–1.151)

0.185

Diagnosis on admission

AECOPD

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.702 (0.419–1.174)

0.176

1.314 (0.688–2.511)

0.408

AEBA

 No

Ref

Ref

  

 Yes

1.062 (0.697–1.618)

0.779

  

CAP

 No

Ref

Ref

  

 Yes

1.092 (0.689–1.731)

0.708

  

Presence of significant comorbidities‡

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.480 (0.283–0.815)

0.006*

0.565 (0.329–0.970)

0.038*

Temperature on presentation (≥38 °C)

 No

Ref

Ref

  

 Yes

1.415 (0.873–2.292)

0.159

  

Systemic symptoms

 Fever

  No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Yes

1.856 (1.134–3.039)

0.013*

1.544 (0.932–2557)

0.091

Headache

 No

Ref

Ref

  

 Yes

0.984 (0.571–1.695)

0.953

  

Malaise

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.716 (0.484–1.059)

0.093

1.084 (0.674–1.742)

0.740

Myalgia

 No

Ref

Ref

  

 Yes

1.088 (0.646–1.834)

0.750

  

Respiratory symptoms

 Cough

  No

Ref

Ref

  

  Yes

0.844 (0.435–1.635)

0.614

  

Dyspnea

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.472 (0.300–0.742)

0.001*

0.544 (0.341–0.868)

0.011*

Sore throat

 No

Ref

Ref

  

 Yes

0.972 (0.590–1.602)

0.972

  

Vaccination within the past 12 months

 No or unclear history

Ref

Ref

  

 Yes

0.554 (0.131–2.344)

0.422

  
  1. Bold = variables left in final model
  2. *p-value < 0.05; †Socio-professional categories are defined in Additional file 1; ‡Comorbidities that involve organ dysfunction are considered as significant comorbidities
Back to article page

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

Contact us