Table 1 Risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis based on univariable analysis
From: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a neglected disease needing one health strategy
Variables | Response | Case numbers (%) | Control numbers (%) | OR | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 1–15 | 46 (51.1) | 7 (7.9) | Ref |  | < 0.009*! |
15–30 | 27 (30) | 40 (44.4) | 0.11 | 0.03–0.34 | ||
30–45 | 11 (12.2) | 29 32.2 | 0.07 | 0.02–0.25 | ||
45–60 | 5 (5.6) | 12 (13.3) | 0.08 | 0.02–0.35 | ||
> 60 | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.2) | 0.02 | 0.01–3.26 | ||
Sex | Male | 45 (50) | 18 (20) | 0.25 | 0.12–0.52 | 0.0002* |
Female | 45 (50) | 72 (80) | ||||
Income (PKRs) | 5000–10,000 | 69 (76.7) | 60 (66.7) | Ref |  | 0.225 |
10,000–20,000 | 16 (17.8) | 21 (23.3) | 0.64 | 0.29–1.44 | ||
20,000–30,000 | 4 (4.4) | 8 (8.9) | 0.46 | 0.13–1.59 | ||
> 30,000 | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0.68 | 0.37–12.26 | ||
Dog in house | No | 82 (91.1) | 83 (92.2) | 1.17 | 0.39–3.47 | 0.782 |
Yes | 8 (8.9) | 7 (7.8) | ||||
Other animals on premises | No | 44 (48.8) | 67 (74.4) | 3.10 | 1.57–6.1 | 0.00114* |
Yes | 46 (51.1) | 23 (25.5) | ||||
Poor sanitary conditions | No | 16 17.8 | 43 47.8 | 4.37 | 2.03–9.43 | <.00017* |
Yes | 74 (80.2) | 47 (52.2) | ||||
Protection used | Yes | 15 16.7 | 26 28.9 | 0.48 | 0.22–1.01 | 0.0535* |
No | 75 (83.3) | 64 (71.1) | ||||
House type | Concrete | 44 (48.9) | 57 (63.3) | 1.93 | 1.01–3.68 | 0.0461* |
Mud | 46 (51.1) | 33 (36.7) | ||||
Other CL patients in house | No | 37 (41.1) | 86 (95.6) | 50 | 6.91–361.9 | 0.000107$ |
Yes | 53 (58.9) | 4 (4.4) | ||||
Sleeping Outside in open area | No | 6 (6.7) | 62 (68.9) | 12.2 | 4.90–30.36 | 0.0000056* |
Yes | 84 (93.3) | 28 (31.1) |