Table 5 Early warning indicators for the occurrence of severe cases with COVID-19
From: Associated risk factors with disease severity and antiviral drug therapy in patients with COVID-19
| Â | Univariable OR (95%CI) | p value | Multivariable OR (95%CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics and clinical characteristics | ||||
 Age, years | ||||
   ≥ 60 | 3.985 (2.701–5.879) | < 0.001 | 3.022 (1.130–8.083) | 0.028 |
 Sex | ||||
  Male | 2.034 (1.415–2.924) | < 0.001 |  |  |
 Comorbidity | ||||
  Hypertension | 2.152 (1.484–3.121) | < 0.001 | 0.724 (0.263–1.999) | 0.531 |
  Diabetes | 2.178 (1.336–3.550) | 0.002 |  |  |
  Heart disease | 2.023 (1.152–3.552) | 0.014 |  |  |
  Cancer | 2.155 (0.88–5.276) | 0.093 |  |  |
 Temperature, °C | ||||
   ≥ 38.0 | 2.010 (1.103–3.663) | 0.023 | 1.355 (0.536–3.423) | 0.521 |
 Symptom | ||||
  More than one sign or symptom | 2.841 (1.941–4.157) | < 0.001 |  |  |
  Fever, cough and dyspnea | 2.373 (1.580–3.566) | < 0.001 |  |  |
Radiographic and laboratory findings | ||||
 Radiographic findings a | ||||
  Bilateral pneumonia | 6.419 (2.253–18.287) | < 0.001 |  |  |
 Leucocytes (×109/L) | ||||
   < 4 | 0.119 (0.053–0.267) | < 0.001 |  |  |
   > 10 | 0.056 (0.023–0.138) | < 0.001 |  |  |
 Lymphocyte count (×109/L) | ||||
  LN < 1.0 | 3.297 (2.213–4.912) | < 0.001 | 1.903 (0.736–4.923) | 0.184 |
 Procalcitonin (ng/ml) | ||||
   > 0.1 | 6.860 (4.222–11.146) | < 0.001 |  |  |
 Troponin T (ng/ml) | ||||
   > 0.014 | 9.465 (5.412–16.554) | < 0.001 |  |  |
 D-dimer (μg/ml) | ||||
   > 0.243 | 4.375 (2.191–8.734) | < 0.001 | 2.734 (1.012–7.387) | 0.047 |
 Glomerular filtration rate | ||||
   < 66 | 4.375 (2.191–8.734) | < 0.001 |  |  |
 Oxygenation index | 0.986 (0.983–0.989) | < 0.001 | 0.984 (0.980–0.989) | < 0.001 |
 Lactic acid (mmol/L) | ||||
   > 2.2 | 1.547 (0.939–2.551) | 0.087 |  |  |