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Table 1 Characteristics of Immuno-virological responders among people living with HIV on HAART Mekelle hospital and Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (n = 260)

From: Immunological and virological discordance among people living with HIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

Characteristics

Immuno-virological Discordant Responses

Total (n %))

No (n (%))

Yes (n (%))

Gender

 Male

90 (82.6)

19 (17.4)

109 (100)

 Female

140 (92.7)

11 (7.3)

151 (100)

Age (years) at 36 months median time of HAART follow up

 < 39

122 (86.5)

19 (13.5)

141 (100)

 > 39

108 (90.8)

11 (9.2)

119 (100)

Educational level

 No education

54 (85.7)

9 (14.3)

63 (100)

 Primary

66 (83.5)

13 (16.5)

79 (100)

 Secondary and above

110 (93.2)

8 (6.8)

118 (100)

Residence

 Rural

41 (83.7)

8 (16.3)

49 (100)

 Urban

189 (89.6)

22 (10.4)

211 (100)

Chronic non-communicable diseasesa

 Yes

9 (75.0)

3 (25.0)

12 (100)

 No

221 (89.1)

27 (10.9)

248 (100)

INH Prophylaxis given

 Yes

119 (93.0)

9 (7.0)

128 (100)

 No

111 (84.1)

21 (15.9)

132 (100)

History of TB co-infection

 Yes

37 (86.0)

6 (14.0)

43 (100)

 No

193 (88.9)

24 (11.1)

217 (100)

History of opportunistic infections (other than TB)b

 Yes

126 (88.1)

17 (11.9)

143 (100)

 No

104 (88.9)

13 (11.1)

117 (100)

Adherence to treatment

 Fair/Poor

9 (50.0)

9 (50.0)

18 (100)

 Good

221 (91.3)

21 (8.7)

242 (100)

Regimen given

 TDF basedc

179 (90.9)

18 (9.1)

197 (100)

 AZT basedd

49 (81.7)

11 (18.3)

60 (100)

 ABC basede

2 (66.7)

1 (33.3)

3 (100)

Age (years) at HAART initiation

 < 35

113 (85.6)

19 (14.4)

132 (100)

 > 35

117 (91.4)

11 (8.6)

128 (100)

WHO clinical stage at baseline

 I/II

112 (91.1)

12 (8.9)

124 (100)

 III/IV

118 (86.8)

18 (13.2)

136 (100)

History of malnutrition

 Yes

68 (81.9)

15 (18.1)

83 (100)

 No

162 (91.5)

15 (8.5)

177 (100)

Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis given (months) (N = 239)

 < 30

96 (83.5)

19 (16.5)

115 (100)

 > 30

113 (91.1)

11 (8.9)

124 (100)

Viral load (copies/mL) at 36 months median time of HAART follow up

 < 1000

221 (96.1)

9 (3.9)

230 (100)

 > 1000

9 (30.0)

21 (70.0)

30 (100)

CD4+ count (cells/μl) at baseline

 < 100

67 (87.0)

10 (13.0)

77 (100)

 101–200

69 (85.2)

12 (14.8)

81 (100)

 201–300

49 (92.5)

4 (7.5)

53 (100)

 > 300

45 (91.8)

4 (8.2)

49 (100)

CD4+ count (cells/μl) at 36 months median time of HAART follow up

 < 100

9 (56.2)

7 (43.8)

16 (100)

 101–200

27 (79.4)

7 (20.6)

34 (100)

 201–300

34 (81.0)

8 (19.0)

42 (100)

 > 300

160 (95.2)

8 (4.8)

168 (100)

Time interval from HIV Diagnosis to HAART initiation (months)

 < 12

175 (87.1)

26 (12.9)

201 (100)

 > 12

55 (93.2)

4 (6.8)

59 (100)

HBV co- infection(n = 139)

 Yes

7 (63.6)

4 (36.4)

11 (100)

 No

114 (89.1)

14 (10.9)

128 (100)

HCV co-infection(n = 64)

 Yes

0 (0.0)

2 (100)

2 (100)

 No

53 (85.5)

9 (14.5)

62 (100)

  1. Note: INH Isoniazid, TB Tuberculosis, HBV Hepatitis B virus, HCV Hepatitis C virus. a Includes Hypertension and Diabetic mellitus. b Includes: oral/esophageal candidiasis; Pneumonias; Diarrhea; Zoster e.t.c c Drugs used concomitantly with TDF (Tenofovir) were: 3TC (lamivudine) + EFV (efaverinz) / NVP (Nevirapine); d Drugs used concomitantly with AZT (zidovudin); were: AZT+ 3TC+ NVP/ EFV; e Drugs used concomitantly with ABC (abacabir) were: 3TC and EFV